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Category: General Education
In general education, we bring to you, knowledge from all works of life. Education is a means of transferring knowledge from a teacher to a learner. Through education, different kinds of knowledge, skills, values, and morals are passed on using different teaching/ learning techniques.
Rounding Numbers: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding the Basics
Rounding is a systematic way of simplifying a number while keeping its value close to the original. It is a mathematical operation that is used to write a number in its simpler form.
To round a number means to rewrite the original number in a simple form with a slight deviation.
The number rounded has a nearby value to the original and is easy to understand.
The round number is used in many fields like engineering, science, finance, the stock market, etc.
This article will introduce rounding numbers and the methods. If you are in any way confused about how to round numbers, continue reading.
Table of Contents
What are Rounding Numbers?
Rounding a number is a systematic way of approximating the value of a such number. It is a way of rewriting the number so that the value stays close to the original value.
When you round a number, the final result is usually less accurate, but easier to use in computations.
For example, the final weights of 5 loaves of bread recorded by the quality control officer in grams are:
87.95, 90.24, 89.7, 88.05, and 90.35.
To easily calculate the average weight, we can convert the weights to the nearest whole number as follow:
88, 90, 90, 88, and 90.
Looking at the above round numbers you see that they deviate from the original value but are easy to compute.
Thus, rounding numbers are the simplest approximates of very large and small numbers. The process of approximating a number to its nearest number is known as rounding.
In the real world, we can perform rounding for those numbers for which the exact values do not hold much importance. But when dealing with financial values, it’s not always the best option to round numbers except with large decimals.
For example, we can round the value of 2.0125861 to 2.0126 instead of just 2. This is because multiplying the 0.012586 by 1000000 will result in 12,586. So, rounding to 2 means that you are losing 12,586 per 1 million.
There are usually two ways to round a number: round up, and round down.
Round up
When rounding a number, we approximate a number depending on the value next to it. Values are on a scale of 0, 1, 2, to 9, and the value halfway is 5. When the value next to the round number is 5 and above, we can round up the number.
Thus, round-up means increasing the value of the round number if the next value is equal to or greater than 5. This is not a rule, it depends on the situation on the ground. But it is what people generally do.
Round down
On the other hand, round down is decreasing the value of the round number if the next value is less than 5.
In our examples, we shall be rounding up or down depending on the value next to the round number.
Please, note that rounding up or down is at your discretion. You can choose to round up or down to ensure that your data does not deviate completely from an actual value.
For example, look at the table of data below.
The sum of the first round-up deviated significantly from the actual value. But with the value in the green cell rounded down to 91, the sum became closer. So, choose whether to round up or down depending on the data accuracy you expect.
General rules for rounding numbers
There are acceptable rules that students should follow when rounding numbers. But an independent worker can choose his/her rules based on his/her discretion.
The general rules to be followed are as follows:
- Determine the round number calculation. Is it to the nearest ten or tenth, whole number or hundred, etc.
- Based on the above, locate the rounding digit in the number to be rounded. For example, to round the number 752 to the nearest ten, the rounding digit is 5. To the nearest hundred, the rounding digit is 7.
- Haven identified the rounding digit, look at the value next (to the right) to the rounding digit. This value will determine whether you should round up or down
- If the value next to the rounding digit is equal to or greater than 5, round up. This implies that the rounding digit will increase by 1. If the value is less than 5, round down. This means the rounding digit will remain the same.
- Finally, whether you are rounding up or down, the values after the rounding digit will become zero (0).
How to Round Numbers
Rounding numbers is easy if you understand the basics. In this section, you will learn the basics of rounding numbers.
In number counting we begin from 1 and count to 10, then 100, 1000, and continuously. Thus, we have ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousand, hundred thousand, million, billion, and trillion.
Likewise, in places where decimals are represented, we have tenths, hundredths, thousandths, ten thousandths, hundred thousandths, millionths, billionths, and trillionths. Where the tenth is the inverse of ten, etc.
Naturally, Ones, tens, etc, and tenths, hundredths, etc are represented in the table below. Where the tenths, and hundredths represent the decimal or fractional part of a number.
Consider the following example. The total sales of Ucheson & Sons for the month of January 2023 were 12,355,468.6523.
Let us represent the above in a table for clarity.
The above table shows a typical way to represent a number for onward rounding.
Values to the left of the decimal are ones, tens, etc, and values to the right are tenths, hundredths, etc.
Based on the above, you can round whole numbers to the nearest ten, hundred, thousand, etc. However, decimals are rounded to the nearest tenth, hundredth, etc.
Though you can easily round numbers using a rounding numbers calculator, you should know how to round numbers. In this section, you’ll learn some of the methods of rounding numbers.
How to round off decimals
A decimal number is made up of two parts. The whole number part and the fractional part. The decimal point separates these two parts.
The decimal part is the numbers to the right of the decimal point. They are usually rounded off in tenths, hundredths, thousandths, etc.
To round off decimals, the same rules explained above apply. For example, round off 78.257 to the nearest hundredth.
The answer is 78.26. (Since 7 is greater than 5, we increase the rounding digit by 1).
Rounding numbers to the nearest whole number
To round a number to the nearest whole number means eliminating the fractional part of a decimal number.
To do this, abide by the rules explained above. That is, determine the rounding digit and check whether to round up or down.
For example, rounding 78.257 to the nearest whole number will give you 78.
Rounding numbers to the nearest 10
When you think of the nearest ten, remember the chart displayed above to determine the rounding digit.
The nearest ten is a whole number with a single zero at the end. E.g. 10, 40, 7510, etc. Hence, the ones placeholder will be converted to zero. It then means that the fractional part of a decimal number will be converted to zeros.
For example, to convert the number 78.257 to the nearest 10, you’ll have 80.
Round numbers to the nearest 100
Just like the nearest 10, the nearest 100 leaves two zeros at the end. So, using the placeholder chart above, you can determine the rounding digit and either round up or down,
For example, to round the number 652410.25 to the nearest 100, we have the following result: 652400.00.
Rounding numbers to the nearest 1000
Using the idea of rounding numbers to the nearest 10 and 100, we can round numbers to the nearest thousand.
You’ll need to understand the placeholder chart to determine the rounding unit. Also, you should know how many zeros should be left at the end. Your guess is right, 1000, that is 3 zeros.
For example, to round the number 652410.25 to the nearest 1000, you should have 652000.
Rounding Numbers Examples
Let us discuss how to round numbers with a simple example so that you can have clearer knowledge.
Question
Oxlade Proclo LLC posted its financial report on its website. When comparing the results, the group managing director identified deviations between the hardcopy and the electronic reports. The table below is an excerpt of their sales for 6 months. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
Month Sales in $ January 58,764.25 February 78,654.45 March 105,423.05 April 95,015.00 May 152,470.55 June 87,265.10 - Convert the monthly sales to the nearest tenths
- Convert the monthly sales to the nearest thousand
- Total the original values and that of the nearest 1000. What is the difference?
Solutions
- Let’s first place the numbers in a placeholder chart as follow:
To convert to the nearest tenth, the table below shows the rounding digit in the yellow column.
The numbers to the right of the rounding digits in rows 1, 2, 3, and 5 are 5 and above. Thus, we add 1 to the rounding digits (that is, round up).
But the number to the right of the rounding digits in rows 4 and 6 are less than 5. Thus, we leave the value of the rounding digits the same.
Therefore, the table below shows the result of rounding to the nearest tenth.
The new sales report will become as follow:
Month Sales in $ January 58,764.30 February 78,654.50 March 105,423.10 April 95,015.00 May 152,470.60 June 87,265.10 - Here, we’ll convert to the nearest 1000. Like in the above solution, let’s place the numbers in a placeholder chart and identify the rounding digit. The table below shows the placeholders and rounding digits with a red border line.
The numbers to the right of the rounding digits in rows 1, and 2 are 5 and above. Thus, we add 1 to the rounding digits (that is, round up).
But the number to the right of the rounding digits in rows 3, 4, 5, and 6 are less than 5. Thus, we leave the value of the rounding digits the same (round down). We then convert all values to the right of the rounding digits to zero.
Therefore, the table below shows the result of rounding to the nearest thousand.
The new sales report will become as follow:
Month Sales in $ January 59,000.00 February 79,000.00 March 105,000.00 April 95,000.00 May 152,000.00 June 87,000.00 - Here, we sum up the two sales and subtract the results. The table below shows the result.
From the result obtained above, you’ll notice a deviation of $592.40 from the original sales report. However, rounded numbers are easier and simpler to calculate.
I believe that the above example has given you a clearer understanding of how to calculate round numbers.
Conclusion
Rounding numbers is a common mathematical operation that is used to approximate numbers in order to understand them easily. It is mostly used in scientific calculations where you’ll need to approximate experimental data to easily compare their values.
Students in primary and secondary schools should learn and understand them. Also, applicants, employees, and business owners should learn them.
Though it makes computations easy, its results deviate from the original. However, you can randomly round up and down values to arrive at a very close result.
The rounding numbers calculator makes these computations easy, but it’ll be great if you understand their calculations.
This tutorial discussed how to round whole numbers and decimal numbers; it is now your turn to respond.
I will want you to ask questions and make contributions with regard to rounding whole numbers and decimals. Have you used round numbers before, and in what circumstances? Please, use the comment box below and respond, and do not forget to share your experiences.
Problems and Prospects of Education in Nigeria
It is necessary to discuss the problems and prospects of education in Nigeria to inform the common man.
Education is the bedrock of national development as has been observed in different nations. But unfortunately, Education in Nigeria is bisected by myriads of problems. The worst is that the Nigerian government is showing less concern about improving education.
This is shown by their percentage of budgeted allocation to education and their reluctance to finance tertiary education.
This has led to numerous strike actions both at the elementary level and at the tertiary level. In this article, our focus is on enumerating the key problems and prospects of education in Nigeria.
What Are the Problems and Prospects of the Nigerian Educational System?
Problems of education in Nigeria
- The decline of infrastructure: There are insufficient classrooms and teaching aids (laboratories, computers), and even the libraries are in pitiful condition, making the public institutions a mess. The buildings are more decrepit than they are learning environments. The educational sector receives funding each year, but nothing changes.
- Costly tuition: The affordability of public schools is what sets them apart. Many people fail to pay for these schools and end up dropping out. About 10.5 million people in Nigeria are not enrolled in school, and money is a major factor.
- Admission nepotism: Students write Jamb and UTME, but they are treated as outsiders or do not belong to a particular clan or ethnic group, so they do not receive the recognition they deserve. This is also evident in the hiring of teachers, where tribe and language take precedence over knowledge and experience.
- Cultism: Cultism is one thing that has dissolved the instructive local area. One reason for the spread of this epidemic among students is the need for students to be feared and to feel powerful. Other reasons include teacher victimization of students, sexual harassment of female students by teachers who force them to have sex for grades, and a lot more.
- Corruption: This is one significant sickness eating into the schooling system. Models are assessment negligence by understudies empowered by educators who have been paid to help the interaction.
- Greed: As you may be aware, issues always result in additional issues. Due to the fact that the majority of teachers in Nigeria are not paid as they should be, greed is a major issue in the educational system. As a result, even when the government finally decides to pay teachers, school administrators typically keep some of the money for themselves rather than paying the teachers the alleged salary or wage.
- Obsolete school educational program: This is yet another significant obstacle facing Nigeria’s educational system. In addition, it is the reason Nigeria lags behind the rest of Africa in terms of technological advancement, information, and growth. Students in Nigeria’s majority of tertiary institutions use out-of-date textbooks. The worst thing of all is that teachers and lecturers who are given the job of teaching tend to be reluctant to keep students up to date on the latest developments in their respective fields of study. This is because teachers are also getting older.
- Negative upbringing: The expression “Charity begins at home” is well-known. This demonstrates that a child’s or student’s actions in public have already begun at home. The way their children are raised has a significant impact on their moral standards, and parents are unquestionably one of the most significant influences in their children’s lives.
- Insufficient funding: Nigeria’s education system is immediately confronted with inadequate funding. Despite the fact that this issue of inadequate funding has been present for a number of years, those in charge have not taken it into consideration. Typically, the education sector ought to be one of the most invested in. Due to the lack of apparent profit, it’s possible that several administrations haven’t paid enough attention to the education sector’s funding.
Prospects of Education in Nigeria
- Selection of competent individuals to serve as education commissioner and minister: The appointment of the minister of education and the commissioner of education ought not to be based on politics but rather on their capabilities. In comparison to politicians who view everything as a platform for playing politics, Nigeria’s educational system has fared better under the direction and control of experienced and professional ministers.
- Adequate funding: The amount of money given to education is very low, and some of it gets taken away. Consequently, schools are figuring out how to look for approaches to financing which have prompted a high expansion in school expenses (which has become excessively high for the destitute individuals to bear) and commercialization of the schools, others, which have been dismissed are in a horribly vulnerable state with low foundations and frail structures. If this trend continues, the poor and average members of society will soon have no access to education because it would be prohibitively expensive.
- Research and development: Universities in Nigeria ought to be at the forefront of national research, particularly in the sciences department. Libraries ought to be refreshed with ongoing books, research tasks ought to be given the most extreme significance by the public authority and subsidizing ought to be made in that regard.
- Strikes: The academic union of Universities, polytechnics, and secondary schools are well-known for their frequent strikes; The government grants them certain rights to which they are entitled but fails to pay their dues. In order for progressive movements to manifest in our educational sector, this must change. Teachers and lecturers ought to receive compensation when due.
- Anti-cultism: Schools should form anti-cultism groups with the goal of stopping cult practices and arresting offenders until they can be prosecuted.
What are the Problems and Issues in Planning Nigerian Educational Programmes?
Planning the program entails obtaining pertinent data from a variety of sources to assist in creating the specifics of the courses and subjects that will be taught to students in a classroom setting. Planning the program entails establishing and redesigning the program to make sure all elements required to make teaching easier are adequately covered.
The following problems and issues are being faced in planning Nigerian educational programs and curriculums.
Non-involvement of teachers in the planning of the curriculum
Teachers serve as the means by which a curriculum plan is put into action. To an enormous degree, these ones decide the outcome of an educational plan since they execute the arrangement by showing the understudies. Therefore, the teacher should be involved in the actual curriculum planning process using their teacher planner 2021. Feedback from teachers who have used a particular curriculum could be one way that teachers get involved.
Inadequate research on the learner
It is essential, when planning a curriculum, to prioritize the needs and interests of the students in order to create a curriculum that is effective and meets the objective. A well-designed curriculum should meet the needs of students in a variety of categories, such as gifted students, slow learners, students with mental disabilities, and so on. As a result, Nigerian students’ intellectual abilities and disabilities must be taken into account when designing a curriculum. In Nigeria, children’s weaknesses and disabilities are frequently ignored because they are not considered significant.
The absence of learning resources and materials will be evident.
A child’s learning process is aided by the use of learning materials and resources. In point of fact, it has been observed that without the use of learning aids, no meaningful learning can occur. The Minister of Education in Nigeria has to deal with the issue of not being able to provide all Nigerian educational establishments with the necessary learning resources. Too many students, especially those in rural areas, cannot afford the essential learning materials they require. This is a significant issue that makes it difficult to plan and implement a curriculum.
The poor condition of the school environment
The majority of Nigerian schools are in poor condition when it comes to the infrastructure and conditions of the school environment. Some schools lack essential amenities and are located in unpleasant and noisy areas. A child’s learning process and the success of the curriculum are influenced by all of these factors.
Non-involvement of curriculum experts
When planning a curriculum, it is necessary to employ the services of curriculum experts. The technical aspects of curriculum planning should be handled by them. Based on their expertise and experience, curriculum experts assist in organizing the curriculum so that it is effective and relevant to students.
Politicization of education
Educational program arranging doesn’t just include teachers and others along that vocation way. Government officials must cooperate in order to create a curriculum. Budgets are approved and actions to implement the curriculum are facilitated by government officials. Effective educational planning is hindered in Nigeria by the bureaucratic procedures involved in policy and lawmaking, as well as by the egotism and ignorance of political leaders. Curriculum content is frequently dictated by political leaders who do not understand how the educational system operates. When it is added to the curriculum, some people deny any changes.
Lack of Funding
The educational sector’s financial resources and funding are crucial to the successful implementation of a curriculum plan. For instance, funds are required to purchase learning resources, and instructional materials, pay staff salaries, maintain school infrastructures, and so on.
Culture and ideology
The prevalent ideologies in a given environment may have an impact on how strategies are implemented in schools in that region. There are many different cultures and religions in Nigeria, which may affect what is considered acceptable there.
Inappropriate supervision
In order to guarantee the successful implementation of a curriculum, appropriate supervision is frequently neglected. The curriculum’s effective implementation is hindered by this.
Lack of technological innovation
The world is becoming more technologically advanced, and the educational sector is the most obvious example of this. However, the educational sector in Nigeria has not kept up. Curriculum planning in Nigeria has been negatively impacted by the sector’s inability to implement cutting-edge technology in the classroom. As a result, students in Nigeria’s majority of schools do not receive an education that is up to international standards.
Changes in educational policies
Changes in educational policies on a regular basis are another major obstacle to effective curriculum planning in Nigeria. Different educational policies have been implemented in Nigeria, affecting the country’s planned curriculum.
What Factors Facilitates School Community Relations?
Young people who get a good education have a positive self-concept and good emotional and mental health.
With their parents, other members of their family, and the community as a whole, these young people will be able to develop positive, healthy relationships. In addition, they will be good employers and employees in the future.
These values cannot be instilled by the school alone. In a similar vein, well-rounded individuals cannot be produced solely by parents and social groups.
To achieve the best possible outcomes for youth, the school, and the community must collaborate.
- Communication is essential: For a variety of reasons, including complying with federal laws and keeping parents and families informed, two-way communication is essential in school districts. Schools experience various advantages from having an essential correspondence plan set up, and further developing local area relations inside the region is one of the most critical.
- Improve communication relations within the community: Community relations within school districts can be improved by adopting a consistent voice and messaging. To ensure that all communications comply with district policy and are carried out in accordance with it, a communication plan with standardized guidelines and templates helps to unify messaging across departments. In the event of a crisis at the school, the district’s procedure for notifying parents and family members of an emergency should be outlined in a school communication plan.
- Leadership is essential: A strong relationship between the school and the community can be established if school leaders demonstrate to all stakeholders that they are equal partners in the development of the children. Leadership entails persuading people on both sides of our school’s walls to reconsider their preconceptions regarding community and family involvement. With initiative comes the need to briefly verbalize the region’s way of thinking via a conventional strategy that can likewise lay out execution assumptions.
- School-community partnership: Families and communities should be seen by the school as equal educational experts. What’s more, schools ought to take advantage of the qualities and qualities that external gatherings offer of real value. By partnering with the community, also helps students, educators in the school districts, and families develop a sense of trust and belonging.
- Model of engagement matters: We will need to develop or adopt a model of engagement and think about how it could be used in each of our individual school settings in order to put these so-far hazy ideas into practice.
- Personalization is needed: Personalization becomes possible once a model with clearly defined options has been established. As a parent, my knowledge, availability, self-assurance, skill level, and interest all play a role in whether or not I work with the teacher, school, or district of my child. As we get to know one another, my youngster’s educator or counsel and I can cooperate to settle on conclusions about what my commitment will be. My child’s administrator also talks to members of civic organizations like Rotary and the Chamber of Commerce about their individual support plans at the same time.
Marshal out a good health education for secondary schools?
The majority of schools include a comprehensive health education program as an essential component of the curriculum. When parents are involved, health education programs are most effective. Parents can supplement and support what kids are realizing in school during discussions and exercises at home.
Through the provision of efficient health education, schools can significantly contribute to the reduction of health risks faced by adolescents.
A course of study or program typically organizes the specific content and skills that are covered in health education, such as sexual health and other related topics like violence prevention, mental and emotional health, food and nutrition, etc.
The curriculum for health education should include:
- A set of intended learning outcomes or goals that are directly related to students’ development of health-related knowledge, attitudes, and skills.
- A predetermined sequence of health-related lessons or experiences that are developmentally appropriate.
- Continuity between lessons or experiences in learning clearly emphasizes the adoption and upkeep of particular health-enhancing behaviors.
- Materials or content that go along with the order of the learning events and help teachers and students achieve the learning goals.
- Strategies for assessing whether students have learned what is expected of them.
Health education cannot be complete without addressing sexual health. Including sexual health education, health education should:
- Provide health-promoting decisions and actions with accurate, appropriate, and direct health information.
- Address the needs of youth who are not having sex as well as youth who are currently sexually active
- Consistently include topics and gender identities that are culturally relevant and affirming for LGBTQ+ and other youth
- Align with adolescent health data, that are relevant to school policies and practices, and
- Use direct, active involvement from students, parents, and community partners
What Is The Subject Matter Of Educational Tests, Measurements, And Evaluations?
Education measurements
The use of a standard scale or measuring tool to ascertain the extent to which educationally valuable knowledge, skills, and abilities have been acquired is referred to as educational measurement.
This includes the theory, methods, and instruments for measuring educationally relevant human, institutional, and social characteristics, according to the National Council on Measurement in Education’s website. We measure to get information, which may or may not be useful depending on how well the instruments are used and how accurately they are calibrated.
Testing is included in the general term “assessment.” Testing is typically used to measure progress toward educational objectives. An assessment is both an instrument and a method for gathering data about a predetermined objective or goal.
Any instrument used to test, scale, and evaluate the results of the educational process is referred to as an “educational measurement” tool.
The term “educational measurement” refers to the use of educational exams and the analysis of data, including scores from such examinations, to determine students’ abilities and proficiencies. The methods are similar to those used in psychometrics. When a trait, such as achievement, interest, attitude, aptitude, intelligence, or performance is measured educationally, numbers are assigned to that trait.
Education test
An educational test or exam is used to assess a person’s understanding of a subject in order to ascertain what they already know or have learned. Testing’s objective is to establish the degree of learned skill or knowledge.
A process of recording knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs, usually in quantifiable terms, is called an evaluation. The goal of educational assessment is to help teachers and students learn more effectively by enhancing the current teaching methodology.
Educational testing can become more effective and of higher quality as a result of technological advancements. However, whether the improved technology will result in more efficient use of educational test results remains to be seen.
Education evaluation
Evaluation of educational programs focuses on the success of program interventions. These in the field of education often deal with learning, like reading, behavioral, emotional, and social development, like anti-bullying initiatives, or with more general issues, such as changes to the entire school system, like inclusive education.
The practice of describing and assessing a particular component or aspect of the educational process is known as educational evaluation.
In educational evaluation, there are two common goals that may clash with one another. In order to show effectiveness to funders and other stakeholders and to give a measure of success for marketing purposes, educational institutions typically need evaluation data. If educators want to continuously review and improve the learning they are trying to assist, educational evaluation is also a professional activity that they need to engage in.
Compared to educational measurement, educational evaluation is more comprehensive and impartial. It involves thoroughly evaluating the individual using a range of information-giving tools.
In addition to measurement and potential testing, the evaluation also involves the idea of value judgment. Measurement and testing are considered to have occurred if a teacher gives a test to a class and calculates the proportion of right answers. It is necessary to interpret the scores, which may entail turning them into numerical values like As, Bs, Cs, and so on, or assigning them a quality rating of excellent, good, fair, or poor. Evaluating is the procedure in question.
How Do We Apply Educational Laws to School Management?
Education law has an impact on almost every area of the educational system, including teacher rights, curricular standards, special education, student conduct, school safety, and discrimination. It is in the best interests of students, teachers, and administrators for educational leaders to be knowledgeable about some of the fundamental statutes, standards, and requirements, even if the majority of schools hire legal specialists.
To apply educational laws in school management, the management cadre of the institution should be familiar with the relevant laws. For example,
- Education laws contribute to the creation of a more skilled workforce, which can be beneficial to society as a whole as well as the economy. Because of these factors, education laws have been enacted by governing bodies at the federal, state, and local levels to regulate and implement a sound system that guarantees adequate funding and qualified teachers.
- A system of compulsory education will be established by basic educational law. Children must attend school at a certain age or for a certain amount of time under this system.
- Notwithstanding the time boundaries laid out through instructive regulation, the field can likewise direct the guidelines and practices of the basic educating experts. A system like this will have rules or requirements that explain how to hire teachers, how much they should be paid, and how to do things properly.
- Additionally, educational law will establish procedures and policies for evaluating teaching methods. In order to make the educational system as effective as possible, this area of education law needs to exist.
Without the necessary knowledge of the law, it’ll be difficult to implement the requisite laws in school administration. For more information visit the section above.
What Do You Understand By Educational Finance And Evaluation?
The process of systematically evaluating the implementation of a financial education intervention and comparing learner accomplishments to program goals and objectives to determine the educational program’s success or failure is known as financial education program evaluation.
Based on these definitions, there are two primary goals of evaluation: investigating the operations or procedure of a financial education intervention as well as the outcomes or accomplishments achieved by participants.
While not mutually exclusive, these two primary goals correspond to the two main types of evaluation:
- formative assessment and
- summative assessment
formative assessment
Educators can use formative evaluation to determine whether the program is meeting the needs of its beneficiaries, whether the activities that are carried out are of high quality, and whether they need to be improved. The educator can determine whether the desired program activities and procedures are being carried out with accuracy and quality by participating in formative evaluation.
The educator is able to both identify and address the program’s barriers and weaknesses as well as its strengths and capitalize on them. Educators will ultimately be able to make program enhancements thanks to the data provided by a good formative evaluation, which supports these areas.
A financial education program’s needs and aspects of quality implementation might be examined in a formative evaluation, such as: Does the curriculum or financial education program meet the needs of the participants?
Summative assessment
Summative assessment assists instructors with reporting member results related to or ascribed to monetary training programs. The results of a summative evaluation can be used to determine whether or not a program is successful in fostering knowledge of financial education concepts and behavior change, as well as the perceived and actual benefits of services.
By illustrating the relative cost-benefit ratio, these findings can also provide data to support the program’s continuation or to request additional funding. Program outcomes that are documented enable funding agencies to evaluate the value of programs and allocate more funds to educational programs that are more effective.
A summative evaluation of a financial education program might look at the outcomes and participant experiences of the program, such as: After utilizing the services, do participants show an increase in the desired outcomes?
As A Principal How Do You Apply Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs To The Teachers Under You?
The hierarchy of needs was first proposed by psychologist Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper, “A Theory of Human Motivation.” The theory is based on the idea that in order for humans to reach their full potential, certain needs must be met.
The theory categorizes human requirements into five groups: physiology, security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and actualization
Physiological requirements make up the first level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Food, water, and a place to call home are among the most basic necessities that every human being needs to live. It would include ensuring that teachers have access to nutritious food by paying them a worthy salary and on time. In places where necessary, accommodation should be provided for those who have need of shelter.
Safety requirements make up the second level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Humans require these things in order to feel safe and secure. In a school setting, this would include creating a welcoming and secure environment for all teachers.
Love and belonging make up the third level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Humans need to be loved and accepted. It would include making certain that every teacher in the school has a sense of belonging and is valued.
Esteem is at the fourth level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Humans have this need to feel good about themselves. It would include giving all teachers chances to succeed and be praised for their achievements in the school. They should not be disrespected, especially, in the presence of the students and their subordinates.
Self-actualization is the fifth and final level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Humans have a need to achieve their full potential. It would include giving every teacher the chance to discover their interests and improve their skills in the school. Allowing and encouraging teachers to apply for continuing education and certifications will help them attain their ultimate satisfaction.
Conclusion
As important as education is to nation-building, it comes with numerous problems. Each nation has peculiar problems and seeks to combat them. Nigeria is not an exemption.
In this article, we discussed the problems and prospects of education in Nigeria in addition to others. If you are still here, kindly tell us some of the problems encountered within your school community. Use the comment box below.
The Meaning of Counselor in Education: Steps to Create a Good Curriculum
A counselor is a trained and impartial professional who can help you spiritually, academically, maritally, etc. He/she has been trained to assist in different ways using speech and other therapeutic approaches to bring solutions to problems.
In education, counselors are important, especially in secondary education when students are about to choose a career path.
In this article, we shall be discussing the meaning of counselor, and the steps to develop a good curriculum.
Table of ContentsThe Meaning of Counselor?
A counselor is a trained, impartial professional who can help you heal and build trust. They have received training to assist in a variety of ways; most often, through talk-based approaches to therapy.
The process of talking about and working through personal issues with a counselor is known as counseling. By assisting you in gaining self-awareness, exploring options, developing strategies, and clarifying the issues at hand, the counselor supports you in addressing your issues constructively. Simply telling their story to a counselor and being listened to can be helpful for some people.
Within a variety of community settings, a counselor offers support services, counseling services, and/or rehabilitation services. Depending on where they work and what they specialize in, their responsibilities can vary.
Addictions, trauma, disabilities, career counseling, academic counseling, mental health issues, family issues, and employment needs are just a few of the many issues that can arise for a counselor.
Clients, whether they are individuals, families, couples, or groups, are the focus of the compassionate and nonjudgmental care that counselors aim to provide. They collaborate with clients to offer assistance, resources, and direction as they work toward goals related to their education, careers, mental health, and wellness. They adhere to established ethics, methods, and guidelines for mental health care.
Who is a counselee?
A counselee is a person who needs to be counseled. He/she is usually the counselor’s client. The counselee goes to the counselor with hi/her problems to receive counseling or a solution.
What Are the Theories of Counselling You Know?
The pillars of the profession are counseling theories and counseling therapies. Most counselors have probably taken at least one course on counseling theories, and the names of the most well-known theorists, such as Sigmund Freud, Albert Ellis, Carl Rogers, and others, are legendary and well-known.
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory
The “historical perspective,” also known as psychoanalysis or psychodynamic theory, was founded by Sigmund Freud, who held the belief that unconscious forces drive behavior. Psychoanalysts still use the methods he developed, such as free association (talking freely with the therapist about whatever comes up without censoring), dream analysis (looking at dreams for important information about the unconscious), and transference (focusing one’s emotions on the therapist).
Using this method, counselors and psychotherapists typically focus a lot of their attention and energy on analyzing an individual’s past relationships and, particularly, traumatic childhood experiences in relation to their current life. Treatment and healing are believed to be possible if these issues are revealed and brought to the surface. Counselors are discovering, as neuroscience advances, how psychodynamic theory can actually have a positive effect on a client’s brain. This theory is the subject of extensive research. The psychodynamic hypothesis can be additional time escalated in contrast with a few transient speculations since it includes changing profoundly imbued ways of behaving and requires critical work on grasping one’s self.
Behavioral Theory
The foundation of the behavioral theory is the idea that behavior can be taught. One form of behavioral treatment that derives from the work of early theorist Ivan Pavlov is classic conditioning. Pavlov conducted a well-known study with dogs that examined the consequences of a learned reaction to stimuli (such as a dog salivating in response to hearing a bell) (e.g., pairing the sound of a bell with food).
Another behavioral therapy strategy, known as operant conditioning, was created by B. F. Skinner. He thought that rewards could make something more likely to happen and that penalties could make something less likely to happen. Through behavior modification strategies like positive or negative reinforcement, behavioral therapists try to change undesirable and harmful habits.
Cognitive Theory
Aaron Beck, a psychotherapist, created a cognitive theory in the 1960s. The main idea behind this counseling theory is that thoughts have the power to alter feelings and actions. Therapy based on cognitive theory is brief and problem-focused, in contrast to psychodynamic theory. Cognitive therapists place less emphasis on their patients’ backgrounds and more on their current circumstances and flawed thinking. Counselors and therapists frequently mix cognitive and behavioral treatment into one paradigm. Research has shown that cognitive behavioral treatment, or CBT, can help with a variety of mental illnesses, such as anxiety, personality, eating, and substance addiction disorders.
Humanistic Approach
Presenting and assisting their patients in realizing their full potential is what humanistic therapists care about most. Humanists stress a person’s self-growth and self-actualization and place a greater emphasis on them than on past or destructive actions. They also hold a strong belief in the goodness of all individuals.
Client-centered, gestalt and existential therapies are examples of humanistic theories. Client-centered therapy, which places a strong emphasis on the idea that patients are in charge of their own lives, was created by Carl Rogers. He thought that all therapists had to do was demonstrate their sincere concern and interest. The work of gestalt therapists is more concerned with what is happening right now than with what is being stated during therapy. By emphasizing free will, self-determination, and responsibility, existential therapists assist clients in discovering meaning in their lives.
Integrative/Holistic Therapy
Integrative and holistic therapy entails using numerous components from diverse philosophies in the practice. Holistic therapy might incorporate non-conventional therapies like hypnotherapy or guided imagery in addition to conventional talk therapy. Utilizing the psychotherapy techniques and tools that are most appropriate for a given client and situation is the key.
Counselors have a variety of therapeutic modalities to study, but the success of the client-therapist connection is more important than the theory of study.
What Are the Basic Characteristics of A Good Counselor?
Six personal traits are essential for effective counselors and should be continuously developed. These include trustworthiness, adaptability, self-awareness, cultural sensitivity, and excellent interpersonal skills.
Skills for building relationships
Counselors must be able to communicate clearly and effectively. Not only is it important to be able to teach clients about therapeutic topics, but it’s also important to know how much they understand at any given time.
The foundations of effective therapy are being able to relate to clients by showing warmth, acceptance, and empathy and being able to sense what they are thinking and feeling. Downloading our Emotional Intelligence Exercises can help you develop empathy and interpersonal skills.
Trust
According to Hill and Knox (2001), most people can tell whether a person they meet can be trusted within 50 milliseconds. Counselors must be able to convey their trustworthiness verbally and nonverbally.
Clients must be able to freely disclose private, confidential information and aspects of themselves that others frequently are unaware of. A deeper connection with the therapist can be achieved by having faith in the quality of the relationship and the confidentiality of what is disclosed.
Flexibility
A good counselor will devise an effective, individualized treatment plan for each client. This indicates that the counselor should not employ a “one-size-fits-all” or rigid treatment schedule.
Prochaska and Norcross (2001) discovered that certain disorders respond better to certain treatments than others. The best way to use therapeutic techniques is to match the treatment to the client’s readiness level. Also, instructors should have the option to adjust and head in a different direction in the event that treatment isn’t working for the client.
Optimism and hope
Hope is a powerful motivator. A good counselor can strike a balance between optimism and reality. A good counselor will set goals that are attainable, engage the client, and make them feel better about themselves.
Clients will acquire a sense of resilience and confidence as attainable goals are accomplished, which can be beneficial in all aspects of life. Positive psychology is so effective at improving emotional health because of these characteristics.
Multicultural sensitivity
The American Psychological Association advises therapists to adapt treatment to a client’s cultural values and to show respect for differences in beliefs, attitudes, and behavior. Being aware of and sensitive to issues of race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, and cultural background is essential when working with clients.
Self-awareness
A good counselor can tell the difference between the client’s problems and their own. Countertransference is a peculiarity portrayed by Freud where issues communicated by a client lead to a profound response of the specialist. Counselors will be less likely to react to their own issues during sessions if they are able to identify and control their responses, which will have no negative impact on therapy.
The capacity to determine how much information should be disclosed to customers is one aspect of self-awareness. This will differ from case to case, but essential components include professional boundaries, personal insight, and the capacity to read others.
What Are The Duties Of Guidance And Counselor In A Typical School?
Through a school counseling program, a professional known as a school counselor works in primary (elementary, middle, and secondary) schools to provide all students with academic, career, college access, affordability, and social-emotional competencies.
In schools, guidance counselors work with students and their parents to help them grow academically, socially, and behaviorally. This field employs individuals in elementary, middle, and high schools. The qualifications needed to become a guidance counselor are discussed in this article.
- From kindergarten to 12th grade, school guidance counselors assist students in resolving academic, social, and personal issues. Alcohol and substance abuse, family violence, and interpersonal conflicts among students are all issues that are identified by elementary school counselors as well as by high school counselors. They respond by resolving these issues by employing a variety of counseling techniques and conflict resolution skills.
- Additionally, counselors assist students in determining and adhering to their preferred educational path.
- In addition to addressing social and academic issues, guidance counselors in high schools assist students in achieving their post-high school objectives. These instructors assist with picking secondary school classes that get ready understudies for their post-graduation plans.
- Also, they assist students in applying to colleges or trade schools by providing information regarding financial aid and admission requirements.
- In order to make a difference in the lives of their students, both inside and outside of the classroom, school counselors take on a variety of roles.
- According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), a typical job description for a school counselor includes the following tasks:
- Addressing social or behavioral issues; assisting students in developing the skills necessary for academic success; advising individuals and small groups; assessing students’ abilities and interests; assisting students in achieving their academic or career goals;
- School counselors also collaborate with teachers, administrators, and parents to assist students in improving their classroom performance. They might suggest additional support from outside sources.
- These professionals have been trained to identify and report potential cases of abuse or neglect because they are in a position to work closely with students.
What Are the Challenges a Counselor Faces in a School System?
The followings are the difficulties and issues that guidance and counseling face:
Lack of cooperation:
Although providing guidance and counseling to a person in need is unquestionably a useful method of doing so, not everyone may be willing to accept the advice. It’s possible that a lot of people won’t follow the advice given to them, which could make it hard for guidance to get through to them.
Inadequate Facilities:
Guidance and counseling services cannot operate effectively without adequate facilities. A guidance and counseling room, appropriate furniture, bookshelves, and other similar amenities are required.
Lack of or Insufficient Funding:
Counseling and guidance take place in a positive and motivating environment. However, if there are insufficient facilities, this is impossible. Funding is required to ensure that facilities are adequate, and many educational establishments lack funding for guidance and counseling.
Lack of Expertise:
Guidance and counseling are frequently used interchangeably. They do, however, differ slightly. Counseling, on the other hand, can only be provided by an expert in the field. Guidance can be provided by anyone. As a result, finding a qualified counselor can be challenging.
Lack of Support:
Despite the growing recognition of the importance of counseling and guidance in the educational setting, the provision of these services is still met with a sense of neglect.
Time Shortage:
In addition to a lack of funds and resources, there is also a time shortfall. There doesn’t appear to be room in school schedules for counseling and guidance.
Neglect from Parents:
For guidance and counseling to be effective, everyone—the school, the teachers, the parents, and the students themselves—must support it. However, the implementation of these services may be hindered by the fact that many parents may not give guidance and counseling sufficient consideration and importance.
What is Attitude?
An attitude is defined as a more or less stable collection of predispositions to an opinion, interest, or goal that include anticipation of a particular experience and preparedness to respond appropriately.
Experience or upbringing are frequently the sources of attitudes. They can have a big impact on people’s behavior and how they act in different situations. Attitudes have a long lifespan, but they can also change.
In psychology, attitude is a psychological construct that describes a person’s mental and emotional make-up, their approach to something, or their personal viewpoint on it. Their thoughts, outlook, and feelings are all a part of their attitude.
Attitudes are intricate and developed via experience in life. An individual’s attitude is their predetermined state of mind in relation to a value. It is triggered by how they respond to themselves, other people, places, things, or events (the attitude object), which then affects how they think and act.
According to Michael Hogg, an attitude is a negative or positive evaluation of an object which influences human behavior towards that object. It is a learned predisposition to respond in a favorable or unfavorable manner towards people, an object, an idea, or a situation (Martin Fishbein).
A person’s enduring favorable or unfavorable cognitive evaluations, feelings, and action tendencies toward an object or idea are referred to as their attitude. Religion, politics, clothing, music, and food are just a few of the subjects that influence people’s attitudes.
An individual’s attitudes develop into a consistent pattern, and changing one may necessitate a difficult adjustment on the part of many others. As a result, rather than attempting to alter people’s perspectives, a business would be wise to adapt its product to existing attitudes.
What factors affect the attitude of children?
- : Positive or negative attitudes that an individual develops as a result of family influence are extremely potent and difficult to reverse.
What Are the Vices Inherent Among Students In Secondary School?
A vice is a behavior, habit, or practice that is generally regarded as immoral, sinful, criminal, rude, taboo, depraved, degrading, deviant, or perverted in the society that it is associated with. Vice can also mean a flaw, a bad habit, an infirmity, a negative character trait, or a defect in less common usage.
More often than not, vices are connected to a mistake in a person’s character or temperament rather than their morality. Some of the vices seen among school students include.
Anger
Although not all forms of anger are examples of vice, those that result in hatred, a deep-seated desire for retribution, or extreme resentment toward others are examples of vice.
Pride
Excessive pride can lead to arrogance, despite the fact that people should be proud of their work and accomplishments. Arrogant people have a tendency to have a higher sense of self-worth, which leads them to believe that they are superior to other people.
Envy
A person who acts in a way that is characterized by envy is someone who wants what other people have, or even what they think other people have, even if they don’t actually have it. Envious people feel slighted and jealous when they believe that others have gained something that they feel is lacking in their own lives, rather than being happy for the accomplishments of others.
Gluttony
The term “gluttony” refers to the habit of eating or drinking in excess. This term does not refer to the occasional act of eating too much, but rather to a pattern of eating too much. Gluttony can also include regularly drinking too much alcohol to the point of being extremely drunk or even passing out.
Lust
A strong desire to satisfy a desire can be described as lust. Lust is more than just feeling physically attracted to another person; it’s also a strong sexual need, which is the term most commonly used to describe it. It is more extreme and centered on oneself, with a greater drive to satisfy one’s own needs and desires without considering how it will affect other people.
Sloth or laziness
Inactivity and a waste of time and other resources. Laziness is stigmatized because it forces others to put in more effort; Additionally, no useful work will be done.
What is Curriculum?
A curriculum is a planned and systematic collection of competencies—that is, values-based knowledge, skills, and attitudes—that students should acquire through organized learning experiences in both formal and informal settings (See: the various meanings of curriculums).
Tolerance and respect, constructive management of diversity, peaceful conflict management, promotion and respect for human rights, gender equality, justice, and inclusiveness are all important social attitudes and skills that are developed through a good curriculum.
At the same time, the curriculum helps students learn how to think critically and acquire relevant knowledge that they can use in their studies, daily lives, and careers. In addition, the curriculum is increasingly being called upon to aid the learner’s personal development by boosting their self-esteem, confidence, motivation, and goals.
The entirety of student experiences that take place during the educational process is what is generally referred to as a curriculum.[1] The phrase frequently alludes explicitly to a planned order of instruction or a perspective on student experiences in light of the teacher’s or school’s instructional objectives.
The planned interaction of students with instructional content, materials, resources, and mechanisms for assessing the achievement of educational goals may be included in a curriculum.[2] The categories of the curriculum are explicit, implicit (including hidden), excluded, and extracurricular.
What Steps Can You Take In Develop A Good Curriculum Package For Courses?
Frequently, a guide for teachers to teach content and skills is included in a curriculum. While some curricula serve as general road maps, others are quite in-depth and provide instructions for day-to-day learning.
A curriculum can be difficult to create, especially when expectations are so varied. It is essential, regardless of the circumstance, to begin with, a broad topic and expand on it with each step.
Determine the purpose of the curriculum
Teachers ought to have a concise list of purposes and objectives regarding what they want to accomplish before sitting down to write the course curriculum. The goal and subject matter of your curriculum ought to be distinct. The subject matter ought to be appropriate for the students’ ages as well as the setting in which the curriculum will be taught.
Find out what the needs of the students are
Writing a curriculum does not mean creating perfect lesson plans with objectives that students might not be able to achieve. Instead, it’s more about getting a handle on the issues that need to be fixed and the potential enhancements that students anticipate. Teachers can tailor the objectives and, more specifically, the potential subjects that will assist in achieving them by comprehending these fundamental requirements.
Create a basic framework with potential topics and a timeline for in-depth study
Once you have a clear idea of the curriculum’s purpose and a list of learning objectives, the next step is to outline potential topics and a timeline for in-depth study. The two things you need to think about are how frequently you will see the students and how long it takes for them to understand what you teach them.
Curate your curriculum’s content
You must now organize the content of your curriculum into subject schemes. Look over the study plans first, then carefully choose what, when, and why you will teach. Determine which concepts and subject areas will be covered in your curriculum and how they relate to other subjects.
Create a variety of assessments for your lessons
Teachers can use the following four types of assessments with their students: diagnostic, interim, formative, and summative. The purpose of diagnostic assessments is to help teachers assess each student’s level of classroom engagement and comprehension.
Teachers value diagnostic assessments because they measure students’ prior knowledge of a subject. Teachers can adjust unit planning or identify areas that need improvement using this information. Mind maps, classroom discussions, and short quizzes are all examples of this kind of assessment.
Formative assessments test students’ comprehension of teacher-led lessons and serve as practice for students. They are also important to teachers because they can help them plan their next lesson.
An interim assessment is a test given at various points throughout the school year to assess students’ comprehension of the material and direct future instruction. At the end of a semester or course, summative assessment is used to evaluate student learning.
Determine materials and resources to be included in the curriculum
If you are teaching an advanced course in which students must first read up on the material and have a general understanding of it before entering the class, this step is highly recommended.
Textual materials, online resources, data, and the teacher guides and manuals needed for these lessons are all examples of potential resources. It is up to you to decide which resources will help your students grow and develop.
Compile course content, materials, and resources
Create a curriculum that includes more than just a bulleted list of lessons. Collect course content, materials, and resources. Content creation, video recording, file uploading, quiz creation, and other tasks are all required. Resources that are haphazard or of low quality should not detract from your curriculum. Not only will inadequate resources reduce the impact of your curriculum, but they may also lead to confusion and even misinformation. If you want children’s education to be factually accurate and ambitious, it is essential to scout out the highest quality resources.
Gather feedback from a variety of sources
You should combine everything you’ve done thus far into a well-organized curriculum. It is recommended that you seek advice and feedback from seasoned educators as well as former students before implementing this curriculum in a class.
Evaluate and review to determine what is working well and what needs to be improved
You now have a curriculum in place. The next step is to regularly evaluate how it affects teaching and learning and make any necessary adjustments to improve it further.
Conclusion
It is customary for students in secondary schools to choose a career early. This will help them know the relevant subjects they will concentrate on and work towards their life goals.
In recent times, many students are confused and this leads them to make wrong choices. The cause of this menace is the absence of guidance and counselors in our secondary schools.
This article discussed the meaning of a counselor as well as how to develop a good curriculum.
What do you have to say concerning this concept? Are there notable counselors in your school, or children’s schools? What solutions can you suggest to move education forward in our country? For your questions and suggestions, kindly use the comment box below.
[1] Wiles, Jon (2008). Leading Curriculum Development. p. 2
[2] Adams, Kathy L.; Adams, Dale E. (2003). Urban Education: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 31–32.
What is Education: Essential History, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Education in Nigeria
As we understand it, education is a process that invites possibility and truth, supports and allows time for exploration. It is a social activity – “a process of living and not a preparation for future living,” as John Dewey (1916) described it.
In this perspective, instructors prioritize learning and social interaction over acting on students’ needs. Their responsibility is to educe, which is connected to the Greek verb educere and means to bring forth or foster potential in both themselves and others.
So, education is not to be confused with schooling. When we think of education, we should not only think of schools and colleges but homes, churches, and society.
This article discussed the history, epistemology, and philosophy of education in Nigeria.
What is Education?
Education is a deliberate action with certain goals in mind, such as the dissemination of knowledge or the development of skills and character qualities. These objectives might include the growth of comprehension, reason, kindness, and honesty. For the purpose of separating education from indoctrination, numerous studies emphasize the importance of critical thinking.
Children in society are taught fundamental academic information, learning skills, and cultural standards through the institution of education.
Human life cannot exist without education. Human life is inadequate, sad, and without hope without it. It refers to purposeful training or instruction. The word “education” comes from the Latin verb “educare,” which means to “raise up.”
Education is a discipline that focuses on how to educate and learn in classrooms or surroundings that are similar to classrooms rather than using other informal and informal socialization approaches.
In the notion that everyone should have the opportunity to participate in life, education is the thoughtful, optimistic, and respectful fostering of learning and transformation.
In his investigation into the meaning of education, Mark K. Smith proposes that it is a process of engaging people while encouraging truth and possibilities.
Formal, non-formal, and informal education are the three main categories of education.[1] Formal education occurs at educational and training facilities, is normally organized around curriculum goals and objectives, and is frequently facilitated by teachers. Formal education is typically separated into educational stages like kindergarten, primary school, and secondary school and is typically required up to a particular age in most locations.[2]
Non-formal education can be used in place of or in addition to formal education. It may follow educational structures, but in a more flexible way, and typically occurs in contexts based on the community, the workplace, or civil society.
Last but not least, informal education happens in daily life and in the family. Whether an experience is intended to be educational or not, it can have a formative impact on how someone thinks, feels, or behaves. Informal learning can take place in all three settings, and there is a continuum in practice between the very formalized and the extremely informalized. For instance, depending on the structure, homeschooling might be categorized as informal or nonformal.
Many philosophers, educationists, and authors have defined education to help man comprehend the subject matter. Let’s look at some of these definitions.[3]
Aristotle defined education as the process of training man to fulfill his aim by exercising all the faculties to the fullest extent as a member of society.
According to Langeveld, M.J., education refers to all interactions and associations between adults and children as a field or a state where educational work is ongoing.
Prof. H. Mahmud Yunus states that education is an initiative that is consciously chosen to aid and influence children with the intention of enhancing knowledge, fitness, and morality that can gradually bring the child to the ultimate goal. For the youngster to lead a happy life, whatever he did must be advantageous to both himself and society.[4]
According to Socrates, education entails bringing forth a person’s innate capacity for universal truths. On the other hand, education is defined as a learning process for the individual to attain knowledge and understanding of the higher specific objects and specific. The knowledge gained formally resulting individuals having a pattern of thought and behavior in accordance with the education they have gained (Big Indonesian Dictionary, 1991).
John Dewey (1978), defined education as all one with growing; it has no end beyond itself. According to him, education is everything along with growth; education itself has no final destination behind it. Horne, H.H. opined that education is the device by which a social group continued existence renews itself, and defends its ideas.
No matter the teaching method, education is meant to inform, transform, and bring hope to the individual and society.
Discuss The Epistemology of Education
One of the most fascinating subfields in philosophy is epistemology. It addresses the myriad questions regarding education that have been put forth by various thinkers. The notion of knowledge has been one of the numerous issues brought up by members of the profession throughout the years.
According to many philosophers, a student’s capacity to relate to the concepts teachers present in the classroom is a prerequisite for learning. Other philosophers hold that after providing students with information, knowledge is the result.
Teachers frequently question their methods when it comes to how they present information. One of the most difficult decisions facing educators is whether to establish ideals in learning that require that material be accurate or to take a passive attitude toward the knowledge they possess.
Knowledge is the capacity to apply the factual concepts learned through education, and it ought to be subject to validity assessments by students.
Some of the earliest philosophers to analyze the idea of knowledge were Socrates and Plato. Socrates tended to favor the idea that perception is the basis of knowledge. According to Socrates’ theory, in order to assert one possesses the knowledge, one must be able to understand the concepts being put forward.
Other philosophers challenged Socrates’ formulation, arguing that it was open to challenge because perception requires information to be understood, and not all knowledge can be perceived. There is no way knowledge can be based on opinions because they can either be accurate or untrue and are frequently subject to personal bias.
Perhaps the most convincing attempt at defining knowledge is Descartes’ use of reasoning in relation to knowledge. Descartes asserts that knowledge is equivalent to one’s mental capacity. Descartes held that there must be paths of reasoning that are used to develop concepts in order for knowledge to exist. Despite the fact that there is still no agreed-upon definition of knowledge, modern philosophers have been drawn to the idea of truth in its varied applications.
Truth can only exist if it is supported by factual knowledge. On the other hand, for knowledge to be considered factual, it must pass all logical standards. In essence, all of the theories of knowledge developed by philosophers in the field of epistemology translate to a general viewpoint that knowledge is the capacity to apply the factual knowledge acquired during the process of education and that it should be subject to validity tests by specific students.[5]
What is the History of Education in Nigeria?
The federal, state and local governments oversee education. The Federal Ministry of Education is primarily involved in tertiary education, but it is also in charge of overall policy formulation and quality control. State (secondary) and local (elementary) governments are largely in charge of school education.
Education before the advent of the Europeans
Traditional educational systems existed in Africa prior to the European invasion and the subsequent introduction of Western education. Education has always played a crucial role in preparing people to engage completely and effectively in their community.
By instilling the skills needed to attain these objectives, education equips young people to become active and productive members of their communities. African traditional education was not segregated, despite the fact that its purposes differed.
Fundamentally, the goal was to create a person who would mature into a person who was well-grounded, skilled, cooperative, civil, and able to contribute to the growth of the community. A fundamentally informal educational system was used to transmit well-rounded qualities; members of the family, kinship, village group, and the greater society all took part in the educational and socialization process.
There were basically two primary types of education long before the British Government set foot on African soil. They are Islamic and traditional education.
Islamic Education: In every Muslim community, this kind of education was only available to Islamic believers. The curriculum only included instruction in the Arabic alphabet and the Qur’an.
This type of instruction was an extension of the lessons taught in the mosque for young Muslim children who would receive a more fundamental religious education.
Traditional Education: Students were taught how to apply practical skills to significantly contribute to the advancement of their society and were exposed to the realities of society. In addition, they participated in community activities like farming and sanitation and learned more about the community’s customs and traditions.
This was the standard method of instruction that is still followed today. The student’s participation in basic and specialized training was determined by their age and gender. Neither the arts nor science were taught in any kind of formal way during this time period.
Education in the colonial era
Only the primary level of Western or formal education was established in Nigeria in 1842 by Christian missionaries, who managed the educational system in accordance with their respective philosophies.
The Chord missionary society, the Wesleyan Methodist, and the Catholic were the missionary organizations that were available at the time. The CMS secondary school was the first secondary school established in 1859. Lagos grammar school It was unknown what caused the delay in secondary education. However, there are rumors that the missionaries believed that secondary education could help people develop critical thinking skills, which might not have been good for their policies.
During this period, the English pioneer government couldn’t meddle in the school system because of a few political and monetary variables. However, it wasn’t until 1872 that they started supporting education by making donations to missionary organizations.
The Education Ordinance was introduced by the colonial government in 1882 with the intention of having complete control over education. This was their first official announcement regarding Nigerian education. During that time, schools were divided into two categories: public and private. While private school receives little support from public fund, government school was entirely funded by public funds.
Because the curriculum, method, and communication medium were too foreign to a Nigerian child, the education ordinance of 1882 was difficult to implement in Nigeria. The ordinance failed as a result of all of these factors, and in 1887, a new one was enacted. The new ordinance was regarded as the colonial government’s first successful effort to support education. However, only a few Lagos metropolises were covered at the time.
More schools were opened, more foreign teachers were hired, and missions, voluntary organizations, and private individuals were given financial support to open more schools.
Lord Fredrick Lugard, the Governor General of Nigeria at the time, came up with some novel concepts following the merger. The 1916 ordinance is largely based on these concepts. On December 21, 1916, exactly, the ordinance went into effect. The ordinance was able to take care of the entire nation because it was passed after the merger.
The missionaries and the colonial government had long opposed the Northerners’ opposition to western education. Lugard met with leaders from the north to persuade them that the Islamic tradition, which is more important to northerners, will not be affected by education.
The first higher education institution was established in 1932, 73 years after the first secondary school was established. Yaba Higher College was the first college. The college was founded in 1932, but classes began in 1934.
The University College Ibadan was established with just 104 students in 1948. In 1962, there were five universities, up from one. Additionally, a significant number of higher educational establishments were established in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1980, approximately 12 million students were admitted to primary school, 1.2 million to secondary school, and 240,000 to universities, according to statistics.
Western education has suffered greatly today. Schools no longer provide the high standard of education for which they were renowned. Nigerian university graduates lack the necessary skills and knowledge to find work. Measures should be set up for Nigerian schooling to accomplish its previous greatness.
Post-colonial Era
The nation’s first university and primary and secondary schools were established at this time. In the year of Nigeria’s independence in 1960, the Eastern Region established the second university, the University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN).
The University of Benin was established in the Midwestern Region around 1970. It is located in Edo State and is currently run by the Edo State government.
In general, there were more universities and schools being built, but only tertiary institutions were required to be built by the federal or state governments. Private universities didn’t start until the late 1990s. The establishment of universities has been divided into four categories by expert writers:
The system of education equally changed from the initial 6-3-3-4 to the present UBE system of 9-3-4. During this period, the national policy on education specifies how the government and private players, such as non-governmental organizations and private persons, manage educational institutions.
History of what we have today as western education
Western education was instituted by the old colonial rulers, British business, and Christian missions, but it did not achieve complete acceptance until the 20th century. When only the males were taught, many parents did not allow their female children to attend school. They learned about life’s principles and other things from the church missionary.
The Nursery of Infant Church School, which is located in Badagry, was founded in the year 1843. The Nursery of Infant School, which Rev. Father Gomez started, ultimately became the St. Thomas Anglican Nursery and Primary School.
Between the years 1859 and 1925, a large number more emerged as the nation developed. Schools like the Methodist Boys High School, Methodist Girls High School, Baptist Academy, Abeokuta Grammar School, and many others. CMS Grammar School was the first secondary school in Nigeria and was located in Lagos.
The Hope Waddle Institute in Calabar, which was founded in 1895, was the country of Nigeria’s first higher education institution. As there was a time when not sending one’s child to school earned one no favors with the white man, western education was able to expand quickly in Nigeria. Students from earlier generations have become more skilled thanks to western education.
Western education has entered a new age, thanks to Nigeria’s innovative educational initiatives. Western education has several benefits. The western educational system is already widely used around the world. Nigeria’s adoption of western education paved the way for the emergence of internationally renowned universities. Nigerian kids can profit from western education and showcase their nation’s abilities to the globe.
What Do You Understand by Philosophy of Education?
The term “philosophy of education” refers to a person’s or an organization’s guiding principles, attitudes, and convictions surrounding how teaching and learning occur in a classroom setting.
What are the guiding principles for interactions between students, between students and teachers, and between all other parties involved in the institution? Your education philosophy, in essence, reflects your ideas, values, and comprehension of the principles and practices of effective teaching and learning.
The discipline of applied philosophy known as “educational philosophy” looks into the nature of education as well as its purposes and issues. It provides a review of educational ideas, together with an analysis of the underlying assumptions and reasons for and against each theory. It is an interdisciplinary field that is influenced by many fields both inside and outside of philosophy, including ethics, political philosophy, psychology, and sociology.
From Socrates’ conflicts with the sophists until the present, the philosophy of education has a long and illustrious history in the Western philosophical tradition. The majority of that tradition’s most notable individuals included educational concerns in their larger philosophical agendas (Curren 2000, 2018[6]; Rorty 1998)[7].
Approaches to the philosophy of education
There are seven key ways that can be used to comprehend educational philosophy.
Perennialism
This philosophy is supported by the conviction that your pupils should study concepts that are timeless and accurate. What are truths? Perennialism holds that truths are the concepts of Western culture. They advise your students to understand Western Civilization’s ideas because they claim they are authentic and timeless.
Students learn things like reading, writing, math, language, history, the arts, and science here. They firmly believe that since humans are reasoning beings, mental development must be actively pursued.
Essentialism
Students learn things like reading, writing, math, language, history, the arts, and science here. They firmly believe that since humans are reasoning beings, mental development must be actively pursued. Therefore, if you practice essentialism, you work to instill in your students’ self-discipline, social awareness, and an understanding of both the curriculum’s culture and subject.
Progressivism
Humans are social creatures by nature, so according to this school of thought, learning occurs best when taking place in social contexts. Here, passing along society’s identity to the new generation is education’s primary objective. This concept places a high importance on group learning since it holds that some talents can only be learned in groups. Additionally, the concept is that when people interact and learn from one another, difficulties and barriers related to race and class are addressed. Finally, progressivists support experimentation and using reason to address issues in society.
Constructivism
According to this theory, students are viewed as active agents who are always involved in creating their own knowledge. As a result, it is advised that individuals’ knowledge, abilities, and experiences displayed in a learning scenario be respected. In this sense, constructivists believe that there are no passive learners. Finally, students build their own knowledge by fusing prior knowledge with fresh information or experiences.
Existentialism
The foundation of this philosophy is that the word is derived from existence. In this case, it is assumed that the person is accountable to themselves. The person must define themselves, or they will be defined by others. As a result, the existentialist only accepts what the person defines for himself or herself as right or wrong, truthful or false, beautiful or ugly, and many other concepts. As a result, only the person may decide for themselves what is right or wrong.
In essence, you assist your pupils in locating relevant study materials. Therefore, your pupils engage in a variety of activities and study a range of subjects and topics. As a result, it is your responsibility to monitor their study until the desired learning results are achieved.
Social reconstructionism
This philosophy’s proponents think society has to reform. They think that schools offer the conditions necessary for changing society. The world’s current issues serve as the foundation for their belief. Social reconstructionists claim that schools are the forces changing our world.
While studying the required themes and subjects, students are free to engage in other activities.
The social reconstructionist school of thought has the potential to drastically alter our society. This is especially true when it is paired with ideologies like essentialism and progressivism.
The eclectic approach
Some people have the propensity to adhere to certain philosophical tenets while rejecting others. With this, they attempt to synthesize diverse beliefs into a single philosophy. The eclectic approaches to educational philosophy are what are known as these types of ideologies.
If your approach is eclectic, you’ll probably choose elements of numerous ideologies that support your beliefs. You think that these aspects of the various ideologies are the finest and can address societal problems with education.
Outline the philosophy of education in Nigeria
The philosophy and purposes of education in Nigeria are frequently at odds with the aspirations of the populace, which can be viewed as the identified societal ideals that should be accomplished or upheld through education. It should be emphasized that the philosophy and goals of Nigerian education have evolved into their current form after going through a number of stages with notable turning points.
The current philosophy and objectives of education were formulated based on the type of values cherished in society and such that the individual would cherish.[8] The philosophy of Nigerian education therefore includes:
- The inculcation of national solidarity and consciousness among the citizens.
- Promoting the appropriate values and attitudes necessary for both individual and societal survival.
- Mental training to understand the environment around oneself and,
- Developing the necessary mental and physical skills, aptitudes, and competencies to enable an individual to live in and contribute to his community. (FGN updated in 1981).[9]
What Role Did the Early Missionaries Play in The Development of Education In West Africa?
Christian missionaries from Europe were the forerunners of Western education. Ironically, Western education was also very helpful for the eventual decolonization of West Africa, despite the fact that it was a useful tool for the successful colonization and pacification of Africa.
In this article, we examine the central and pioneering role those Christian missionaries played in sub-Saharan Africa’s introduction of Western education, specifically the establishment of private and public schools.
It is noteworthy that post-independence Africa’s educational planning relied heavily on mission school systems, which were modeled after European metropolitan institutions. At the advanced education levels, European college frameworks were completely taken on with little adjustments in practically the recently free African states in general. In the process of creating new identities and advancing the nation, Western education came to be absolutely necessary.
Following the successful exploratory missions sponsored by Prince Henry (also known as “the Navigator”) of Portugal, missionary efforts in Africa began as early as the late fifteenth century. Prince Henry received several indulgence letters from the Church encouraging the spread of the Catholic faith for these expeditions.
Although a few Portuguese missionaries attempted to convert Africans by visiting the courts of the oba (king) of Benin and Mani-Kongo, their efforts did not result in the firm establishment of Christianity in these areas. As the Portuguese abandoned their plan to convert, Christianity made virtually no progress in Africa between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries.
Europe became focused on the new and lucrative trade in slaves; Before the slaves left for the New World, missionaries now offered prayers to them on the coasts.
Missionary zeal was rekindled during the late 1700s by the evangelical revival movement in Europe. Many evangelicals committed themselves to the task of Christianizing and “civilizing” the primitive, backward, and so-called “godless” races of Africa, encouraged by reports from explorers.
There were two main areas of missionary concern for Africa: first, to teach native Africans the noble ways of life and second, to assist in encouraging Africans to abandon the inhumane trade of slaves.
However, Europeans were well aware from the beginning that mission schools were required to introduce Western education to Africans in order for them to successfully convert and become civilized. The goal of the missionaries was to teach Africans about Christianity and use the Bible as the primary reference. For the missionaries, being able to read and comprehend the Bible became an essential metric for success.
In West Africa, attached to castles in the Gold Coast, now Ghana, the first formal Western schools were established. There were three schools like this; The oldest was set up in Elmina in 1644 by the Dutch West Indian Company, and it was run by the Castle Chaplain to educate mulatto children for whom they felt responsible. The Dutch language, Dutch culture, and Christian education were to be provided to these children.
The Danes established a school for mulattoes that was comparable to Elmina in 1722 at Christiansborg, also on the Gold Coast. Like Elmina, it was run by a Danish Resident Chaplain. Christiansborg, like Elmina, was dissatisfied, particularly due to the limited support it received from the Danish government.
According to all accounts, the third school, which the English established in 1752 at Cape Coast, was the first truly mission school in West Africa. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) sent the Reverend Thomas Thompson, its founder, to England.
It had a clerical curriculum. Philip Quaque, the third African sent by Reverend Thompson to England for instruction, returned to Cape Coast in 1766 as a missionary. He took charge of the Cape Coast School and reorganized it to teach “religious knowledge, reading, writing, and arithmetic”
Instead of being coordinated beginnings of widespread educational systems, the three schools were started separately. Because they were originally intended to serve a small portion of the population—mulattoes and their children—their operations were quite irregular, and their courses were limited.
Thomas Fowell Buxton, a prominent British parliamentarian and vice president of the CMS, had called for the government and missionary organizations to work together to “deliver” Africa.
In the early 20th century, Joseph Shanahan, who was in charge of the Holy Ghost Fathers in Eastern Nigeria, stated: According to Jordan (1949), p. 94, “Those who hold the school hold the country, hold religion, and hold its future.” “We knew the best way to make the conversion in pagan countries was to open schools,” said Father Walter, a Catholic missionary in Western Nigeria.
Almost every pagan boy requests to be baptized. Therefore, “we started schools even before there was any church or mission house” when the district of Ekiti-Ondo was established in 1916 (Abernethy 1969, p. 39). As Buxton and others have emphasized, education became evidently central to the missionaries’ efforts to achieve these objectives.
It was argued that such education would enable the emergence of a generation of educated African middle-class elite who would become leaders in the church, business, industry, and politics in Africa. This would help reshape the African economy in favor of legitimate trade. Therefore, in 1827, the CMS established a regular training college for African clergy at Fourah Bay in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in response to the upheaval of the time.
The history of Western education in Sierra Leone, in contrast to the three earlier schools on the Gold Coast, was one of expansion, albeit occasionally hampered by the missionaries’ frequent deaths. In the end, Fourah Bay became a significant Western educational institution where many West Africans trained as clerical or educational professionals.
Samuel Ajayi Crowther, a Fourah graduate who was eventually ordained the first African bishop of the Anglican Church by the CMS, is perhaps the Fourah graduate with the most fame. After a successful private expedition up the Niger in 1857, Crowther was given the task of starting an evangelism mission in Africa. He later played a key role in the development of schools and missions in Eastern Nigeria. In 1891, Crowther died. However, by 1935, the CMS had established schools and missions in almost every region of Nigeria that is now Nigeria.
Conclusion
Education is the heart of the development of every nation, and Nigeria is not exempted. We have looked at the history, epistemology, and philosophy of education in Nigeria. It is now your turn to provide feedback on what you understood. Kindly use the comment box below to provide your questions and suggestions as regarding Nigerian education.
[1] Singh, M. (2015). Global Perspectives on Recognising Non-formal and Informal Learning: Why Recognition Matters. Springer-UNESCO.
[2] Livingstone, D. W. (2005). Expanding conception of work and learning: Research and policy implications. In K. Leithwood, D. W. Livingstone, A. Cumming, N. Bascia, & A. Datnow (Eds.), International handbook of educational policy (pp. 977–996). New York: Kluwer Publishers.
[3] Marshall, James D. (2006). “The Meaning of the Concept of Education: Searching for the Lost Arc”. Journal of Thought. 41 (3): 33–37.
[4] Curtis, Will; Ward, Stephen; Sharp, John; Hankin, Les (6 December 2013). “1. What is education?”. Education Studies: An Issue-Based Approach. Learning Matters.
[5] Noddings, N. (2010). Philosophy of Education. Stanford: Stanford University.
[6] Curren, R. R. (2018), “Education, History of Philosophy of”, revised second version, in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online.
[7] Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg (ed.), (1998), Philosophers on Education: New Historical Perspectives, New York: Routledge.
[8] Fafunwa, A.B. (1974) History of education in Nigerian. London: George Allen And Unwin Ltd.
[9] Federal Republic of Nigeria (1981 re-ed) National Policy on education. Lagos; Federal Ministry of Education.
What is Paraphrasing: Helpful Guide for students, Researchers, and Journalists
To accurately explain what is paraphrasing, we’ll divide this guide into three sections.
- meaning of paraphrasing,
- paraphrasing in academic writing, and
- paraphrasing tools.
Despite the fact that paraphrasing is a useful writing technique, not every student knows how to leverage it to write faster and better.
In this article, we will provide you with valuable insights about paraphrasing including how it facilitates academic writing and how students can use it.
If you engage in research writing and reporting, let’s get started.
Table of Contents
What is Paraphrasing?
Paraphrasing is used to present an idea in clearer wording. Basically, it helps to write unique content in a shorter sentence and time. It not only saves time but helps to improve a student’s or researcher’s writing skills as well.
There are many benefits of using paraphrasing and students can get the most out of it. If you are a writer and don’t know how to use it to your advantage then continue.
Meaning of paraphrasing
According to the Dictionary of English, paraphrase means: “a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form” (Merriam-Webster). It also means, “to repeat something written or spoken using different words, often in a humorous form or in a simpler and shorter form that makes the original meaning clearer” (Cambridge Dictionary).
Similarly, it means, “to express what somebody has said or written using different words, especially in order to make it easier to understand” (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary). Wikipedia defines it as. “a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words.”
Paraphrasing, therefore, is the act of restating someone’s ideas with easy-to-understand words. Paraphrasing usually makes the idea clearer and the statement shorter to comprehend. It is therefore important in journalism and research writing.
Paraphrase and plagiarism
While paraphrasing is rewording or restatement of someone’s work, plagiarism is using someone’s work without proper acknowledgment. By implication, though you reworded someone’s idea, it’s important that you properly acknowledge the source. If this is not done, you’ll be accused of academic theft, also known as plagiarism.
Quoting is reproducing someone’s exact words in your own work, usually with quotation marks or in blockquote. In this case, you did not change the words. Whether you paraphrased or quoted someone’s work, there is a need for acknowledgment.
However, paraphrasing is preferred to quoting because it allows you to understand the meaning of someone’s work. If you understood a writer’s perspective, you can accurately rephrase such a statement to accomplish the goal of your writing.
Paraphrasing also gives you authority as a writer, since it gives room for you to understand an idea. Accurately restating such ideas gives credence to your creativity as an academician, hence, an authority in the field.
Remember, when paraphrasing, you must maintain the original meaning of the source. Hence, there are wrong ways of paraphrasing and correct ways to paraphrase.
How to paraphrase
To paraphrase effectively you need to understand the different types of paraphrasing and how to use them. Four types of paraphrasing can help you learn how to paraphrase manually, except if you wish to use a paraphrasing tool. Let’s look at each of them.
Change relevant parts of speech
You can paraphrase by changing relevant parts of speech in a statement. Paraphrasing this way implies changing some prominent parts of speech.
For instance, from a noun to an adjective or from a verb to an adverb. This method is effective because it retains the meaning of the original statement.
For example; let’s paraphrase this statement.
Original statement: It is painful that the candidate of APC lost the election by a slim margin. Paraphrased: Painfully, the APC candidate marginally lost the election.
Change the structure of the statement
This type of paraphrasing requires that you change the statement’s structure completely. Let’s assume that the original statement is in passive voice, you can change it to active voice,
To effectively use this method of paraphrasing, you will need to understand the original statement. For example, look at the following statement:
Original statement: The effect of the drug was so severe that Okon died as a result.
Paraphrased: Okon died because of the severe drug effect.
Remove some clauses or phrases in the original statement
In a complex statement that has many clauses and phrases, you can reduce the number of clauses or phrases. However, you will attempt to retain the original meaning of the statement.
This type of paraphrasing makes statements clearer and more understandable to readers, especially, novices in the field. Consider the following statement.
Original: Ikoro, an ancient musical instrument, is often used in most communities to perform masquerade dancing.
Paraphrased: It is a known fact that ikoro is used during masquerade dancing in most communities.
Use synonyms to replace original words
Another way to paraphrase a statement is by replacing keywords with their synonyms. Most paraphrasing tools use this type of paraphrasing to rewrite statements.
However, this method is not an effective way to paraphrase a statement. The reason is that some synonyms may not suit the context of the statement, hence, readers may be misguided. Also, it shows that the writer does not understand the original statement or has no authority in the field.
In addition, some paraphrased statements may look awkward and clumsy to readers. In extreme cases, you may end up confusing the readers more.
An example of a synonym replacement type is given below.
Original: It is painful that the candidate of APC lost the election by a slim margin.
Paraphrased: It hurts that the APC candidate lost the election by a small margin.
Comparing this paraphrased statement with the (change parts of speech) above, you notice that there’s no creativity. Both statements are the same, the writer practically made no input. This is a lazy way to paraphrase, you should avoid using this method, except in rare cases.
Haven understood what is paraphrasing and how to paraphrase manually, let’s look at paraphrasing in academic writing.
Paraphrasing in Academic Writing
Paraphrasing is the “widely-used writing technique” that’s especially used by students to write plagiarism-free academic research and assignment.
This writing technique enables students to rewrite statements in unique, clearer wording without spending extra effort. Whenever they are required to write academic work such as an essay, thesis, research paper, and synopsis, paraphrasing helps them the best.
It helps to eliminate plagiarism when it comes to academic writing. With paraphrasing, a student will ensure that all of the academic papers are 100% unique. This is why it is preferred to leverage paraphrasing to remove plagiarism in writing.
A student can use strategic paraphrasing to restate useful information related to his/her academic papers. This will enable him/her to use his own words to include such useful information. Not only it will enable you to avoid plagiarism, but it will let you present the information in improved wording as well.
In simple words, paraphrasing is very useful when you need to write unique content in a shorter time period. It lets you write faster and better. Remember that you can do paraphrasing effectively if you use a paraphrasing tool that’s based on advanced AI algorithms.
Benefits of Paraphrasing in Academic Writing
When it comes to academic writing, there is no bound to the uses and benefits of paraphrasing. This is why this subsection will discuss how paraphrasing benefits students and make it easier to write academic papers.
Some of the benefits of paraphrasing for students, researchers, and journalists include;
Writing faster
Paraphrasing is a major writing technique that lets you write faster and complete your papers in a shorter time period. While it may usually take hours to write, paraphrasing allows you to cover a topic within a few minutes.
Whenever you are running out of time, you can make use of paraphrasing to write with super speed. Whether you are writing a long-form essay or a brief passage, paraphrasing will help you to complete your writing tasks without any hassle.
As a student or journalist, an AI-powered paraphrasing tool can help you write any type of academic assignment in a matter of seconds. It will be great if you will take advantage of such tools. Although there are effective ways of manual paraphrasing, it is sometimes better to use AI paraphrasing to write faster and better.Eliminates the chances of committing plagiarism
Nothing can be more troubling for academicians than plagiarism. All types of academic papers must be original. But is it possible to write a 100% unique academic paper on your own? Possibly, professional writers can write plagiarism-free content without any hassle, but students often fail to do this.
No matter how hard you try, there will be a chance of plagiarism in your academic writing. This is why you can make use of paraphrasing. Indeed, paraphrasing is the best way to escape plagiarism, especially if you are a student. Even better, you can use an AI-based tool such as paraphrasing.io to write unique content without breaking a sweat.
Paraphrasing surely serves best to facilitate students in removing plagiarism. Whether it is an already written assignment, or there’s something you need to write from the scratch. You can use paraphrasing to keep out plagiarism by all means.
Improves on quality of academic work
There is no surprise to the fact that the majority of students don’t have good writing skills. They often fail to write well-structured, error-free academic papers. You would agree that each academic paper must contain readable, coherent, and engaging content.
This is why paraphrasing serves students improve their content quality. Using paraphrasing, you can easily modify your choice of words while perfecting the tone of writing. For instance, if you are habitual of writing in a casual style. You can use paraphrasing to change your diction and tone to a formal style.
You can get the best out of paraphrasing if you use an AI-powered tool for this purpose. There are many online paraphrasing tools that offer multiple rewriting modes to improve content quality as per the requirements. You just need to choose the write mode and it will automatically make your content perfect.
Clarity of message passed
You can use quotes when writing, but when it is overused, it does not show uniqueness. When writing, paraphrasing creates uniqueness and tends to differentiate your work from others.
Also, you will be able to use the wordings that best suit your audience for better understanding. Thus, creating clarity in your message delivery. With shorter sentences, your message will be easy to understand. Whoever compares the two works will always note the difference.
Tips on how to paraphrase effectively
There are various ways to paraphrase and write unique assignments. Anyhow, you must do it strategically in order to avoid contextual and grammatical errors. Whether you do it manually or use an AI paraphrasing tool, you must follow a strategic plan.
If you want to get the best out of paraphrasing and complete your assignments without any writing errors then you must follow these effective tips:
- Collect data from multiple resources to paraphrase in a unique way
- Always paraphrase on a sentence level rather than a paragraph level
- Substitute unappealing parts of the sentences (words/phrases/clauses)
- Restructure sentences and substitute synonyms side-by-side
- Make use of an AI paraphrasing tool io to rewrite effectively
- Learn from AI paraphraser about how to improve content quality
- Never forget to change the organization of the paraphrased content
- Modify the headings and paragraphing format to ensure uniqueness
Avoiding plagiarism
In academic writing, it is important to avoid plagiarism when using rewording. Hence, you will need to cite your source of information using relevant citation styles.
As a writer, you should not be tempted to think that the paraphrased statement is your right. Always acknowledge the source of information correctly.
For example, let’s consider the following statement:
“Church growth is simultaneously a theological conviction and an applied science which strives to combine the eternal principles of God’s Word with the best insights of contemporary social and behavioral sciences.” (Gibbs, 1995).
If you paraphrase the above passage, you can choose any of the following citation styles.
- APA style: Church growth aims to bring together the timeless truths of God’s Word… (Gibbs, 1995)
- MLA style: Church growth aims to bring together the timeless truths of God’s Word… (Gibbs, 232)
- Chicago: Church growth aims to bring together the timeless truths of God’s Word… (Gibbs 1995)
- Harvard: Church growth aims to bring together the timeless truths of God’s Word… (Gibbs, 1995)
- Turabian: Church growth aims to bring together the timeless truths of God’s Word… (Gibbs 1995)
Remember, if you are writing a research paper then you need to add in-text citations along with the paraphrased statements. Else, you won’t be able to avoid plagiarism. With this knowledge in your basket, let’s look at paraphrasing tools you can use to write faster.
Paraphrasing Tools
In this section, we shall look at some paraphrasing tools that you can use to write faster. If you have a need to paraphrase a statement and desire not to use the manual method, keep reading.
It is best to use a manual method to paraphrase a statement in one’s own language, especially, for students and researchers. Manual paraphrasing helps you understand the concept and idea of the writer. It also, makes you an authority in your field as well as makes your research papers unique.
If you choose not to use the manual method of paraphrasing, you can choose any of the under-listed paraphrasing tools. However, you should note that paraphrasing tools use AI to rephrase statements, as a result:
- You may not have unique content. This is because two people writing on the same material and using similar tools will arrive at the same content.
- There’s a tendency that the tool used may change the original meaning of the statement. For example, this is the original statement: “In academic writing, it is important to avoid plagiarism when using paraphrase.”
After paraphrasing, we have: “In scholastic composing, it is imperative to dodge plagiarization when utilizing summarizing.”
- The paraphrased statement may become more difficult to understand than the original text.
For example, consider the original statement: “In academic writing, it is important to avoid plagiarism when using paraphrase”.
Paraphrased statement: “In instructional writing, it’s far essential to keep away from plagiarism whilst the usage of rewording.”
Notwithstanding, you can always use any of these tools, because some give you the best results. Also, it enables you to write faster. Some of the tools provide optional synonyms to choose from in place of keywords in a statement.
I advise that you read through a statement and understand it thoroughly before using any of the paraphrasing tools. This will enable you to restore the correct meaning to statements that lost their meaning in the process.
Free paraphrasing tools to paraphrase online
Most of the paraphrasing tools you will see online are free, though with restrictions. The premium versions give better results, but you can achieve great results using the free version. Let’s quickly look at some free tools you can take advantage of to paraphrase online.
QuillBot – one of the best tools online
QuillBot uses state-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence to rewrite sentences and paragraphs. It is a widely used tool among millions of people. It is a free tool to use, but some of its features require an upgrade.
When using QuillBot, you can switch modes depending on your plan. Different modes give you different rewording and meaning.
Paraphrase online – another tool to paraphrase online
This tool is simple and easy to use by anyone, including students and professionals. It simply rewords your statement without any need for you to change modes.
However, you can point at the paraphrased words and choose synonyms you think better suit your passage. With this option, you can create a paraphrased statement that did not change the original idea.
Plagiarism detector – paraphrasing tool
With the plagiarism detector, you can copy and paste up to 2000 words at once for a smart spin rewording. In addition to paraphrasing, you can also use its other tools: plagiarism detector, grammar check, word to pdf, etc.
After you’ve pasted your text, you can choose any of smart spin, ultra spin, and manual word replacement.
You can also select any of the colored words, and choose your preferred synonym from the list that appeared. Similarly, you can manually change the words yourself. If you want more from the tool, you can go for the premium version.
SEO Magnifier – 100% free tool
SEOMagnifier will help you to create content to support your articles, research papers, and online content. As the name suggests, you can use this tool to create SEO-friendly articles.
The tool is quite easy to use, and it gives you the option to download the paraphrased text in text or HTML version. The tool also includes plagiarism which can help you check for plagiarism while writing your content.
Paraphraser.io – simple tool to paraphrase online
Paraphraser.io is a simple tool that allows you to paraphrase any kind of statement online. It has different modes: standard, fluency, creative and smarter which you can choose from when paraphrasing.
Each of these modes helps you maintain and reword a statement in a unique way without losing the original meaning. You can also upload your file, instead of copying and pasting content into the paraphrasing tool window.
However, the free version has a text limit of 400 words. And it allows you to use only the fluency and standard modes. To use other modes and higher word count, you will have to subscribe.
Paraphrasing tool – free and simple
Another simple and easy-to-use free tool to paraphrase online is the paraphrasing tool. This easy-to-use tool has basic paraphrase and advanced paraphrase buttons. All you need to do is to paste your text in the enter text textbox and click on the BASIC PARAPHRASE button.
This tool is free and uses natural language processing (NLP) AI software to present your paraphrased text. You can rephrase up to 10000 characters at once, and click on Copy to Clipboard to copy the rephrased text.
Paraphrasingtool.ai – User-Friendly Paraphrasing Tool
Paraprhasingtool.ai is an efficient tool designed to rewrite your text and make it fresh and engaging.
It has eight paraphrasing modes making it a popular choice for writers. Free Rewriter, Text Improver, Near Human, Plagiarism Remover, Creative, Academic, Quill Text and Sentence Rephraser modes allow the writers to rephrase the content like a pro.
You can paraphrase audio and image files as well. Built-in Thesaurus allows you to click on any word and select appropriate synonyms.
Paraphrasingtool.ai offers 20,000 characters in the free version with three (Free Rewriter, Text Improver, Near Human) paraphrasing modes. The premium plan allows you to paraphrase unlimited words for just $7 per month.
Other paraphrasing tools
There are yet many other online paraphrasing tools you can use easily use to rewrite articles for free. You can try out some and choose which one gives you the best result. Other paraphrasing tools you may try include:
- EditPad paraphrasing tool
- Dupli checker
- Prepostseo paraphrasing tool
- Spinbot article rewriter
- Spin rewriter
If you are not comfortable with online tools, you can download offline tools that will help you create quality content. A known offline tool you can download for effective paraphrasing is ChimpRewriter. However, it offers only a 14-day trial for free.
To access any of the above tools, click on each link.
Conclusion
I want to believe that you found this article useful. As a student, researcher, or journalist, paraphrasing is an invaluable tool in your arsenal.
Now that you know, I will love to hear from you. Are there tools you feel I should have reviewed? Are there tools that you think are better than the others?
Whatever it may be, let me know what you think by leaving a comment below.
What is Word Processing Software: A Definitive Guide
Word processing software is designed so users can create, format, save and print text documents. Word processing is creating, editing, customizing, and printing documents using a word processor such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs.
In this guide, you will learn:
- How to define word processing and word processor
- How to create word processing documents using word-processing software
- How to compare two word documents using a word processing program
- And lot’s more
If you are ready, let’s explore the content.
Table of Contents- What is word processing?
- What is a word processor?
- What is a text processor?
- What is word processing software?
- How to open a word processing file
- Importance of word processing software
- The precursor to word processing
- Mechanical word processing
- Electronic word processing
- Standalone word processing machines
- Word processing software
- General terms
- Editing terms
- Formatting terms
- Mailing terms
- Printing terms
- Microsoft word
- Google docs
- Apple Pages
- Corel Wordperfect
- LibreOffice writer
- Zoho writer
- WPS office writer
- Polaris docs
- Scribus
- FocusWriter
- Examples of word processing documents
- How to make a program in word
- Create a booklet in word
- Compare two word documents
- Practice Resources
CHAPTER 1:
WORD PROCESSING BASICS
In this chapter, I will take you through the meaning of basic terms relating to word processing software. You will learn the meaning of word processing, word processors, word processing software, and text processor.
Let’s get started at once.
What is word processing?
Word processing entails creating, editing, manipulating, storing, sharing, and printing of documents using dedicated software such as Zoho Writer.
It allows a user to create documents that look like the format and style of a typewriter. Word processing software can be used to save, share or print a physical copy of a document.
For example, a business Sales Rep could create a sales report in a Word Processing Program. The sales rep could edit it, save it to a drive, or share it over the internet with colleagues. A word processor can also be used to create a résumé, memo, letter, or invoice.
In general, a word-processing application can produce a wide variety of documents rapidly and at a relatively low cost.
Word processing is one of the earliest and most commonly used types of computer software. In fact, word processing software is often cited as a major factor in the launch of the personal computer industry. This software did a great job of automating processes that had previously been performed by a typewriter. Word processors helped bring personal computers into the households of regular people, rather than just businesses.
What is a word processor?
A Word processor is a device or computer software that allows users to create, edit, and print documents. It has additional features other than a text processor, that enables you to write text, manipulate, store, and print it.
Word processors allow users to create a wide variety of documents with editing and formatting capabilities to demonstrate their power. It has additional features that allow contents such as a table, pictures, charts, and clipart to be added to a document.
In a word processor, text can be inserted, edited, moved, copied, or deleted within a document. You can use its formatting feature to modify the appearance of selected text in numerous ways. Most word processors also give you the ability to check your spelling and grammar with built-in dictionaries and other tools to assist you in your writing.
Today’s word processors reflect their history as digital typewriters. They display a sheet of paper on the screen, which captures user input from the keyboard. Unlike a manual typewriter, electronic word processing is much faster and more flexible.
What is a text processor?
A text processor is a device or computer program used in creating and manipulating text. Text processors are not as sophisticated as word processors; hence they are incapable of formatting texts. Text processors create sequences of texts which enable computers to easily extract and analyze sequences of texts for analysis.
Text processors are commonly used in computers to create computer commands. Examples include notepad and sublime which help in the creation and modification of electronic texts.
Text processing is the automation method that involves the creation and modification of texts. It is the process of analyzing and sorting unstructured text to gain valuable insights. Text processing deals with text processing utilities while word processing deals with text editing utilities.
Also, text processing operates on raw data and is more independent from proprietary techniques, unlike word processing. Therefore, text processing is done with the help of a shell command or a text editor such as TextEdit, Brackets, and Notepad++.
What is word processing software?
Word processing software is designed to allow users to create, edit, manipulate, save and print text. They provide features that will enable you to enter text by typing, copying, deleting, and performing various types of formatting. Some of the functions of word processing software include:
- Creating, editing, saving, and printing documents.
- Copying, cutting, pasting, and deleting text within documents.
- Formatting text using tools such as font type, bold, underline, or italics.
- Creating, editing, and formatting tables.
- Inserting elements from other software, such as illustrations or photographs.
- Correcting spelling and grammar.
- Sharing and collaboration with team members.
Word processing software also contains features to make it easier for you to perform repetitive tasks. Commands such as mail merge and macros will help you perform common repetitive tasks to save time. A typical word processing software example is OpenOffice Writer.
How to open a word processing file
How you open a word processing file depends on the type of word processor used to create the file. Many times, the type of word processor determines the file format used to save it.
For example, Microsoft Word processing program saves with the file formats: .doc and .docx. However, you can save word processed documents in different file formats such as pdf, odt, txt, and rtf.
Apple Pages saves its word-processed documents in .pages. However, it supports files in the following formats: .rtf, .txt, .doc, and .docx. Similarly, Google docs can create files in the following formats: .txt, .rtf, .odt, .docx, and .epub.
This means that popularly used word processors are capable of opening most word processor files. So, if you saved your file in any of the file formats, you can open it with OpenOffice or Google Docs.
Let’s illustrate how to open a word processing file. To open a word document, keywords.docx saved on your local drive, in Google Docs, do the following.
- Visit Google Docs. (Note: You must have a Google account)
- On the Start a new document window, select Blank.
- On the New document window, select File and click on Open from the File menu. The Open dialog box appears.
- On the Open dialog window, click on the Upload tab, and select the Select a file from your device button.
- On the Browse dialog box, browse through your device and locate a file to upload.
- Select the file [keywords.docx], and click the Open button. The file uploads to your Google Drive.
- On the File menu, click Open.
- On the Open dialog window, select the My Drive tab.
- Locate the file in your drive and select it. Then click the Open button. The file opens in Google Docs.
Importance of word processing software
Why is word processing important? Why is it virtually in all household computers? Word processing offers a better alternative to handwriting and typewriter when creating documents. Let’s look at some of the benefits of word-processing software.
- Word processing software is important because it easily detects and corrects typing errors as you type your document. It uses the autocorrect feature to identify and correct errors easily.
- Word processing helps in the digitization of information. It makes the creation, storage, copying, sharing, and retrieval of information easy.
- Word processors help users to work efficiently and accurately. You can easily create and organize a document by using spelling and grammar and other features to eliminate errors.
- Today’s word processors allow you to save different versions of a document. They also allow you to compare them in the future so you can select your preferred version.
- The features of word documents help us create standard and beautiful-looking documents. With formatting features, documents can look elegant and attractive, unlike a manual typewriter.
- Electronic word processing software helps us save business supply costs. Instead of using up pens and paper daily, we can create and transmit documents electronically. This contributes to significant savings in overall business expenses.
- Mail merge and macros help us automate some activities and make work faster and more efficient. Hence, productivity is enhanced using a word processor.
There’s quite a lot you can do with word processing software these days. But before the advent of word processing software, how did people create and edit documents? This will lead us to chapter 2.
CHAPTER 2:
HISTORY OF WORD PROCESSOR
In chapter 1, you discovered that a word processor is a word processing software used to create and edit text. In this chapter, you will discover the origin of word processors.
Let’s explore!
The precursor to word processing
Word processing did not develop out of computer technology. It evolved from the needs of writers rather than those of mathematicians, but it later merged with the computer field. Word processing started with the gradual automation of the physical aspects of writing and editing. Later, technology was refined to make it available to individual and corporate users.
Historically, there are four (4) types of word processors namely; mechanical, electronic, standalone, and software. Word processors were designed by combining existing technologies with emerging ones to develop standalone equipment. Gradually, the concept of word processing, which evolved from data processing was integrated into the computer system.
Mechanical word processing
Before the advent of mechanical word processing, manual writing was the order of the day. People started using ink and paper to create documents way back in 2000BC. During this period, the Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, and Hebrews were using papyrus and parchment papers.
The first major advancement from manual writing to mechanical word processing was the invention of the typewriter. During this period, different versions of the typewriter were invented, some with success and some without success.
Henry Mill was the first to be credited with the invention of the typewriter in the 18th century. However, his version of the typewriter was not successful. By 1867, Christopher Latham Scholes invented the first successful typewriter.
Scholes’s invention has a major drawback. Instead of printing on the upper side of the roller, it prints on the underside. The implication was that the typist could not see his work until he finishes. Acceptance of this typewriter was slow due to some drawbacks. But a series of improvements were made:
- The shift key was added in 1878. Typists can then type upper-case and lower-case letters with the same key.
- Printing on the upper side of the roller was made possible in 1880. Typists can see their work as they type rather than when they finish.
- The tab key was added in 1897. This made it possible for typists to set margins.
After these changes, the typewriter gained acceptance in the corporate world. By 1900, portable models were created, thus making typewriting available to both individuals and corporations.
Electronic word processing
To improve on the mechanical typewriter, the electric typewriter was invented. The first was patented by Thomas Edison in 1972. However, a workable model was introduced in the 1920s.
By the 1930s, IBM introduced the IBM Electromatic which improved typing speed and made word processing more efficient. Due to the great improvement, the machine gained wide acceptance in the business world.
A major step towards modern word processing came when the Schultz company introduced the repetitive typewriter. This typewriter was able to store information automatically for later retrieval. This made it possible to reproduce multiple identical copies of a document without the use of carbon papers or photocopiers.
In 1961 IBM introduced the Selectric typewriter, which replaced the standard movable carriage and individual type strikers with a revolving typeball. Also, IBM released the MT/ST (Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter) in 1964. The MT/ST combined the features of the Selectric with a magnetic tape drive. Magnetic tape was the first reusable storage medium for typed information.
With the tape, information could be stored, replayed, corrected, and reprinted as many times as needed. You can also erase information on the tape and reuse it for other projects. This development marked the beginning of word processing as it is known today.
IBM first used the term word processing to market their MT/ST machine as a word processing machine. The term was coined by the IBM Engineer, Ulrich Steinhilper in the 1950s. He translated the term from the German word textverabeitung to define the act of typing. But IBM redefined it to describe electronic ways of handling a standard set of office activities. These activities include composing, revising, printing, and filing written documents.
Standalone word processing machines
In the 1970s, word processing shifted from typewriting to computer-based with CRT screens when IBM developed the floppy disks. The first was introduced in the 1970s by Linolex systems. The technology included a floppy disk, software, and a microprocessor.
Lexitron corporation also developed a word processing microcomputer with a CRT monitor and 5 ¼ floppy diskette. The diskette later became the standard for early personal computers. With the introduction of video display units, the text could be entered and corrected without having to produce a hard copy. This means that printing can be delayed until the writer is satisfied with the document.
In 1973, Vydec introduced the first text processor known as Vydec Word Processing System. The machine was the first to allow the creation and editing of multipage documents without changing storage receptacles.
Other standalone machines include the data secretary by Redactron corporation and a CRT-based system by Wang Laboratories. The Wang system has all the characteristics of today’s word processors and was affordable to organizations. It became the basis for other CRT-based word processors. Hence, word processors were referred to as CRT-based machines.
Word processing software
The invention of personal computers marked the beginning of the word-processing software. This was made possible by the advent of disk programs which enhanced the development packages for use with personal computers. Also, the separation of the software from the hardware opened up the field of word processing to individuals.
The first word processing program for personal computers was Electric Pencil, from Michael Shrayer Software. It went on sale in December 1976. By 1978, WordStar was introduced. Because of its many new features, it soon dominated the market. WordStar was written for the early CP/M (Control Program – Micro) operating system.
The era of MS-DOS saw the rise of WordPerfect and Microsoft Word. They replaced WordStar as the main word processing program during this era.
In the late 1980s, word processing shifted to the WYSIWYG (What-you-see-is-what-you-get) and GUI (Graphic User Interface) approach. These were pioneered by the Xerox Alto computer and Bravo word processing program, and Xerox PARC with the Gipsy word processor.
The true WYSIWYG made known to people came when Apple Macintosh and IBM PC were released in 1983 and 1984 respectively. Apple came with MacWrite and IBM PC came with Microsoft Word. Word processing is now one of the most common general applications for personal computers.
When Windows operating system became popular in the 1990s, Microsoft Word’s popularity also grew with it. Today, Microsoft Word has become synonymous with what is called a word processor or word processing software.
Today, there is different word processing program including desktop applications, mobile apps, and cloud-based word processors. These word processors have similar terms common to them. This will lead us to chapter three.
CHAPTER 3:
WORD PROCESSING TERMINOLOGY
Almost all word processing programs share a similar vocabulary. Whether you are using Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, or Google Docs, you will encounter the same terms when working with them.
In this chapter, we shall identify popularly used word processing terminology. Let’s quickly catch up on the terms!
General terms
These are terms that are generally used in word processing. They are not commands but provide relevant information to computer users.
Application: Used in place of a program, hence, you can say a word processing application or a word processing program.
Caps lock: It is turned on when you want to type text in CAPITAL LETTERS or UPPER CASE. A light will appear on your keyboard when the caps lock is on. Press the Caps Lock key to turn it on or off.
Cursor: This is the insertion point of an item in a document. The cursor is a flashing vertical bar on the screen that indicates where entered text or objects will be placed in the document.
Dialog box: This is a boxed window that lists options. It usually appears when some specified commands such as SAVE AS, PAGE SETUP, etc., are issued.
Document: This is a file that contains text, image, table, etc., created using a word processing program. Files created with a word processor are referred to as a document.
Editing: This is the process of making changes or corrections in a document. It includes alterations to the text itself, moving or copying items to other locations, and applying formatting options to the document itself and items within it.
File extension: When a file is created with an application, it usually has two parts – the filename and the extension. The user adds the filename while the application adds the extension. The file extension is usually used to determine the program that creates a file. Examples of file extensions are .doc, .docx, .rtf, .page, etc.
Formatting: The process of formatting a document involves specifying how the document will look in its final form on the screen and when printed. Common formatting options include the font, font size, color, alignment, spacing, margins, and other properties.
Highlighting: Also called selecting. This is the act of choosing an item or group of text in a document. Before you can format an object or text, you need to first highlight such object or text. Changes to be made (deleting, formatting, etc) will only affect the selected items.
Menu bar: The menu bar appears at the top of some word processing application windows. It contains a listing of the main commands in the form of text. Menu items that are common among multiple applications include File, Edit, View, and Help. When you click on one of these items, additional options appear in a drop-down menu on the screen.
Paragraph: A new paragraph is created each time you press the ENTER key on the keyboard. A paragraph can be made up of several lines of text, a single item, or nothing.
Ribbon: Ribbon was introduced in Microsoft Word 2007 to replace the menu bar. The ribbon contains tabs and icons representing the commands to be executed in a document. These commands are handy and easier to use when compared with the menu bar.
Ruler: The rulers appear at the top and left side of a word document within the word processing window. They are used to show the position of margins, tabs, and the document.
Scroll bar: Sometimes you cannot see your entire document. The scroll bars are used to scroll up or down the screen or sideways. Scrolling is like moving a sheet of paper up or down so that you can see more of it. You can use the scroll arrows or the scroll bars on the right and bottom of your window.
Template: A template is a starting point for a document that contains initial formatting options, settings, colors, layout, and placeholders.
Toolbar: A toolbar consists of buttons that provide a shortcut way of performing a commonly used function. Microsoft Word 2007 introduced the concept of quick-access toolbar. You can customize the content of your toolbar.
Word wrap: Word wrap enables a word processor to create a multiline without you pressing the ENTER key. Whenever the cursor reaches the end of a margin it automatically jumps to the next line.
Editing terms
These are terms that relate to the commands for creating and editing documents in word processors.
Autocorrect: This feature is used to correct common typographic errors and misspelled words as you are typing. You can turn it on or off. You can also customize the words to be corrected.
Clipboard: The clipboard is a temporary holding area the computer uses for any item that has been copied or cut. When an item such as text is placed on the clipboard, it can then be pasted elsewhere in the document. Items will stay on the clipboard until they are deleted or erased.
Copy: Used to duplicate items in a document or in other documents. Copied items are placed on the clipboard until it is pasted.
Cut: This is used to move a text or object in the document or to other documents. Cut items are placed on the clipboard until it is pasted.
Find and replace: This allows you to search for a particular word or phrase and replace the same with a specified one.
Indentation: Indent is the space between the margin of the page and the text. Most word processors allow for both left and right indentation. A common use of indention is called “first line indent”. Here the first line of a paragraph is indented and the remaining lines of text lie directly against the left margin.
Paste: Copy or cut usually place the item on the clipboard. The paste is the process of taking the items on the clipboard and placing them in the current location of the insertion point.
Spelling and grammar: This utility is used to check for proper spelling and grammar as you create and edit a document. These utilities may run automatically and alert you to errors as you type using its built-in dictionaries. You can also run the spell check manually when you finished creating your document.
Tab stops: Tabs are used to control the placement of text on a page. Tab stops can be set within the ruler at the top of the word processing window. You can also set the type of the tab. Tab types include left, right, centered, and decimal. The tab type controls how the text will be aligned if it is forced to that tab stop. When the tab key is pressed on the keyboard, the cursor will move to the next tab stop location.
Table: A table is a collection of text, data, or other items that are arranged in columns and rows.
Undo and redo: Undo command is used to reverse the last action (or series of actions) that you have performed in a document. Redo does the reverse of undoing. When using the Undo and Redo commands, each item must be reversed sequentially.
Formatting terms
These are word-processing terms that help in manipulating and customizing the text in a word processing document.
Alignment: Alignment refers to the way text is arranged in the document between the margins. We have right, left, and center alignment. Justify is a type of alignment that flush the text both to the left and the right margins.
Font: A font is a set of letters and numbers of one particular typeface. The font includes not only the typeface but other characteristics such as font size and emphasis.
Footer: The footer is an area that appears at the bottom of every page in a document that can contain one or more lines of text. It is popularly used to insert the page number on each page.
Header: This is an area that appears at the top of every page in a document that can contain one or more lines of text. It can be used to insert a page number of document information.
Line spacing: Line spacing refers to the amount of white space between lines of text in a paragraph. You can choose any single, double, or 1.5 line spacing.
Margin: The margin is the white space between the edge of the page and where text or other items can be placed in your document. You can adjust the margin to increase or decrease it when working with a word processing application.
Orientation: This defines the layout of a document. A document could appear in a portrait or landscape orientation. Portrait orientation is where the height of the page is greater than the width. Landscape orientation has a greater width than height.
Page break: This is used to specify the point at which one page or section ends and another begins. You can manually insert a page break at a specific location.
Paper size: This is used to specify the page layout area or the workspace while working on a document. It is also used to determine the size of the paper a document will be printed on. There are different paper sizes in a word processor to be chosen from, including legal, letter, A4, etc.
Paragraph spacing: Paragraph spacing refers to the amount of white space that is left between paragraphs when the enter key is hit. Unlike line spacing, paragraph spacing does not affect the amount of space between lines of text, but instead, between one paragraph and the next. You can set the space before and after a paragraph.
Mailing terms
These are terms that relate to data and mailing automation in word processing.
Mail merge: Mail merge is a word processing automation that combines database software, word processors, and some e-mail programs. It is used to send the same email content to multiple recipients. Mail merge takes a standard form of e-mail and populates it with the personal information of the recipients.
Wizard: A wizard is an interactive feature in a word processor that will walk you step-by-step through a specialized process. A Wizard is specifically included in Microsoft Word for mail merging. The Mail Merge wizard provides assistance when creating letters and mailing labels from a list of names and addresses.
Printing terms
These are word processing terminology that defines the commands used to set up and print a document.
Page setup: A tool that allows you to customize the size and layout of your printable word document. The parameters to define include the paper size, margins, page orientation, and quality of print.
Print preview: Print Preview is a feature that shows you the prototype of your printed document on the screen. It displays how your document will look on a piece of paper if it were to be printed.
Print: Print is the command that enables you to print your finished document from a printer. There are features included in the print dialog box that will help you specify the print quality.
There are other terms that may not have been included in this terminology. You can encounter them in the course of using each of the word processing software. This leads us to chapter 4 where we will identify some word processing software examples.
CHAPTER 4:
WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE EXAMPLES
In chapter 3 we discussed the terminology of word processing programs. These terms are applicable to all word processing software in the market.
In this chapter, we shall explore common word-processing software examples used by individuals and businesses.
Microsoft word
Microsoft Word is one of the most popular word-processing software examples in use today. It has a lot of features that made it the choice of many when it comes to creating and editing documents.
Microsoft word is developed by Microsoft corporation and has different versions for Mac, Windows, Android, and IOS devices. Also, you can subscribe to Microsoft 365 for the cloud version with OneDrive storage.
Microsoft Word has improved search and navigational experience. Also, you can easily collaborate with a team and work with others simultaneously are just some of the benefits. Along with that, Word gives you the ability to access, share, and work on your documents from almost anywhere.
Word also has additional visual effects, turning text into diagrams, and combining visual aspects into text documents. Some of the key features include:
- Provision of templates for resumes and forms.
- Reading documents with the read mode, PDF, letters, and scripts on your mobile device.
- It enables you to save a document as a PDF file.
- You can share your file with others and collaborate with your team.
- Supporting editing with rich formatting.
- Managing permission for documents
- Creating comments in the documents.
Price: Depends on the version. The cost for 1 pc is about $166.66. Microsoft 365 personal is about $64.28 per annum and $6.43 per month.
Google docs
Google Docs is an online application that helps you to create and edit documents. It is a free word processor that is part of the G-suite applications. You can use the software to create letters, memos, reports, and other documents.
Google docs has lots of free templates you can choose to create different types of word documents. It contains numerous fonts and images. You can use the application to create and make changes in files anywhere at any time. Some of its features are:
- Creating and editing word documents
- Lots of free templates
- You can share documents online using Google Drive
- You can convert Word docs to Google Docs
- Accessible from a Phone, tablet, or computer.
- You can make changes in the document in real time.
- It offers chat and comment in the capability.
- You can convert Google Doc files to Word files or vice versa.
- You can search quotes, text, and images in the Google Doc Android app.
- Supported platforms: Web, iOS, Android, and Mac.
Price: Free
Apple Pages
Apple pages is a word processing software developed by Apple computers. It is a word processor shipped with apple devices; it also allows users to create documents online.
Some of its features include:
- Beautiful and colorful photo card templates that allow you to create different documents.
- Mail merge feature for sending a batch mailing to multiple recipients.
- Screen view which makes it easier to view, read and edit documents on iPhone devices.
- Language translation is made easier within your document.
- Use scribble to turn handwritten words into text
- Play YouTube and Vimeo videos right in Pages, without the need to open a web browser. Simply add a link, and play your web video inside your document or book.
- Easily record, edit, and play audio directly on a page.
- Add elegance to your mathematical equations using LaTeX or MathML notation.
- Edit shared documents while offline, and your changes will automatically upload when your accounts are online again.
Price: Free
Corel Wordperfect
WordPerfect is one of the oldest word processing software. Developed by Corel, WordPerfect is a legendary word processor that so many uses to create documents, letters, brochures, resumes, and more. With the compatibility of over 60 file formats, including Microsoft, and powerful Reveal Codes, document control has never been easier.
The basic features of WordPerfect include:
- The WordPerfect eBook Publisher supports EPUB format which provides compatibility with eBook devices, such as Kobo, Nook, and Sony Reader.
- Includes Oxford concise dictionary for spelling check
- You can open, edit, and save the latest Microsoft Office file formats in each WordPerfect Office 2021 application.
- Have quick access to vital document statistics in WordPerfect, such as word count, character count, line count, and more.
- Improved file stability when working on a file, opening a file, or saving a file directly to a server.
- Import pdf files into the WordPerfect application and smoothly edit them with built-in pdf functionality.
- Perform multiple find-and-replace actions with ease.
- The Mail Merge Expert makes it simple to associate a data source and create mail for multiple recipients.
Price: WordPerfect Office Standard 2021 at $249.99
LibreOffice writer
LibreOffice is a powerful and free office suite. It is a successor to OpenOffice.org, used by millions of people around the world. It has a clean interface and feature-rich tools that help you unleash your creativity and enhance your productivity.
LibreOffice includes several applications that make it the most versatile Free and Open-Source office suite on the market. Its word processor is known as LibreOffice Writer. Writer has all the features you need from a modern, full-featured word processing and desktop publishing tool.
It’s simple enough for a quick memo, but powerful enough to create complete books with contents, diagrams, indexes, and more. It has the following features:
- It has full word processing features to allow you to create and edit different kinds of documents.
- It is compatible with a wide range of document formats such as Microsoft Word, Open Document Format, etc.
- You can export your document in pdf format
- It has extensions that allow you to get more features and document templates from its website.
- With an autocorrect dictionary, you can correct errors as you type.
- Use the mail merge wizard to easily create mail for multiple recipients.
Price: Free
Zoho writer
Zoho Writer is a free ad powerful cloud-based word processing software in use by many. Because it is cloud-based, it can be used across all devices. It can also be used to collaborate with teammates in real time.
With Zoho writer, you can create elegant, inspiring documents for free. Let’s consider some of its features.
- Easy to get started with any device. Simply visit Zoho writer and register with your email address.
- Write across all devices from every location.
- Write and edit documents with teammates in real time.
- Save your documents in pdf and MS Word document formats.
- Collaborate on content and post it directly to your WordPress or Blogger pages.
- Contextual grammar, readability, and style suggestions.
- Document automation and sign collection capabilities along with Zoho CRM integration.
Price: Free
WPS office writer
WPS Office writer is an example of word processing software that is available for all devices. You can download it for your PC, tablet, or mobile phone.
WPS Office enables you to edit and manage Writer, Presentation, Spreadsheet, and PDF with others at the same time. It is fully compatible with Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS and supports 47 file formats and 46 languages.
Key features of this productivity program:
- Work anywhere on any available device
- Available on multiple platforms including Mac, Windows, Linus, Android, and IOS
- WPS Office writer supports 15 file formats including .doc, .docx, and multiple languages.
- It also has cloud service for easy two-way document sync across all platforms and devices.
- Built-in applications provide you with superior features such as file format conversion, text extraction, long image output, watermark, and annotation.
- Thousands of free and premium templates to meet your document creation needs.
- Exclusive and excellent themes created by professional art designers to meet diverse aesthetic pursuits.
Price: Free for WPS standard. WPS premium starts at $29.99 per year.
Polaris docs
Polaris Office is a combination of tools that includes Polaris Docs. Polaris docs is a versatile word processor that is similar to the combination of Microsoft Word and Google Docs. It has versions for Windows, Mac, IOS, and Android.
The Polaris web office provides solutions to view and edit various document formats such as word, sheet, slides, and HWP. You can apply and deploy document viewer editing services easily with any server environment or technology.
Polaris docs is a very versatile word processing software that allows you to work on your documents wherever you are. These are some of its key features:
- It allows multiple users to access the document from different platforms, such as PCs or mobile clients.
- Can be used for real-time writing and editing and collaboration
- Provides support and collaborative editing for office documents such as Word, Sheet, and Slide documents
- Provides real-time document coediting with teammates. A URL link can be sent to the invitee for collaborative works and permission for editing granted.
- Unified communication channels such as email, instant chat, and phone. It helps to minimize cumbersome feedback and emailing while maximizing work efficiency.
Price: Free. Polaris Office Smart $39.99/ year; Polaris Office Pro $59.99/ year. Download for Mac and Windows for 1 Pc at $79.99. Download for IOS at $39.99.
Scribus
Scribus is a free and open-source desktop publishing software. It is specially designed for typesetting, layout, and presentation of files. This app can also create PDFs and forms.
Though it’s a bit different from standard word processing software, you can choose one of the designed layouts. You can also set up your page, and even improve your written documents with professional-looking quality images.
With Scribus, you can also create animations that you can place directly inside your document. You can also turn your text documents into interactive PDF presentations. Basic features include:
- Support for a user-friendly interface.
- Support publishing features like color management and PDF creation.
- Vector drawings capabilities
- Supports documentation creation tools like LaText, Lilypond, etc.
- You can import or export a huge number of files to Scribus.
- Supports platforms like Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, PC-BSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and Haiku.
Price: Free
FocusWriter
FocusWriter is a simple, distraction-free writing environment. It utilizes a hide-away interface that you access by moving your mouse to the edges of the screen. With this feature, you can focus on the page and text. Whenever you need to use any integrated feature, simply swipe your cursor across the edges to open the hidden menu.
It’s available for Linux and Windows and has been translated into many different languages. Its key features are:
- TXT, basic RTF, and essential ODT file support
- Timers, alarms, and daily goals
- Fully customizable themes and sessions
- Has optional features like typewriter sound effects, live statistics, spell-checking, multi-document support, and a portable mode
- Can be translated into over 20 languages
Price: Free
There are other examples of word processing software that cannot be explicitly discussed in this guide. However, you can try apps like FreeOffice TextMaker, Dropbox Paper, Grammarly, ProWritingAid, Scrivener, etc., to create a document.
This leads us to chapter 5 where we shall illustrate how to create a document.
CHAPTER 5:
CREATE WORD PROCESSING DOCUMENTS
In this chapter, I’ll show you how to create documents using word processing software. You can choose any of the above word processing software examples and create the same documents.
I’ll also show you how to compare two word documents using any of the software described above.
Now it’s time to start working with word processing software.
Examples of word processing documents
You can create different kinds of files using a word processor. For ease and elegance, you can use a built-in template in any of your selected word processor.
Examples of documents you can create with a word processing software include: memo, letter, newsletter, reports, brochure, resume, etc.
To create a document, you can start with a template or a blank document. Virtually all the cloud-based word processors have elegant templates to get started.
How to make a program in word
If you have an upcoming event, you can quickly create a program for such an event in a word processor. Depending on the nature of the program, you can use a template to speed up creation.
In this illustration, we shall use Microsoft Word template to make a program. Let’s begin with the following steps.
- Open Microsoft Word in the backstage view and select New. (Please, ensure that you are connected to the internet)
- On the search for templates box, type program, and press ENTER.
- On the search result window, select any of the program templates and click on Create. The template will download. After downloading, it will open with the template.
- On the open template, make every necessary changes you want.
- After the necessary changes are made, share or print the document and share it with your audience.
Create a booklet in word
A booklet is a small book that has less than 50 pages. It is usually created like a book with a book cover and handles a topic or subject.
Let’s create a booklet in Microsoft Word. You can start with a blank word document or use a template. Using a template is usually easier than starting with a blank document. Follow these steps to create a booklet in Microsoft Word using a blank document.
- Open Microsoft Word and select Blank document in the Backstage View.
- In the Microsoft Word window, click the Layout tab and select Margins from the Page Setup group.
- Select Custom Margins… from the Margins dropdown menu to open the Page Setup dialog box.
- In the Page Setup dialog box, do the following:
- Set the margins appropriately. The default can do it. However, add a few inches in the Gutter box. This will create binding space on the inside.
- Under Pages, in the Multiple pages box, select Book fold item from the list.
- Select the Paper tab and select A4 paper size. Then click OK.
- Start entering text and images in the pages of your newly configured booklet document. When you are done with your writing and formatting, print your work.
- To print your booklet, do the following:
- Select Print from File, or press CTRL+P on the keyboard. The print dialog window appears.
- Change Print One Sided to Manually Print on Both Sides.
- Load paper to printer and test run the printing by printing a few pages then flip the sheets. If both sides of the sheets are printed correctly, then continue with your booklet printing.
- Share or distribute your booklet to your audience.
Compare two word documents
You can compare two versions of a document to see how they differ. Though it might be tedious, especially for a long document. However, word processing software provides tools that make it easy and efficient.
In this section, I will show you how to compare two documents with Google Docs word processor.
- Ensure that the two documents you want to compare are uploaded to your Google drive. (See how to upload a file from your local drive)
- Open Google Docs and select one of the documents you want to compare in the Start a new document window.
- In the Open Document window, select the Tools menu. From the dropdown list, select Compare Documents.
- The compare documents dialog box opens.
- In the compare documents window, under Select, the comparison document, select My Drive.
- From the dialog that appears, select the second document you want to compare. Click the Compare button.
- When Google Docs is done, a dialog box appears telling you that the Comparison is ready. Click the Open button to view the differences.
- The comparison document opens with a suggestion box informing you on what to do. Accept the suggestion or reject it.
In Microsoft Word, you will select Review > Compare. Then, select the two documents to be compared in a dialog box that appears.
Review the two documents and track the changes made to the compared document.
Conclusion
I hope you found this word processing guide useful and easy to apply. Below are resources that will help you get started if you want to deepen your knowledge of Microsoft Word.
Before that, I will love to hear from you: which of the chapters do you appreciate most? Which of the word processing software most appeals to you? Looking at Microsoft Word alternatives, which one software among many would you prefer?
Whichever, please, let me know what you think by leaving a comment below.
Practice Resources
What is Microsoft Word: A Practical Overview
Paragraph Formatting in a Word Document
Inserting and Formatting Text in Word Document
What is Information Transmission: A Complete Guide for Junior School Students
Information transmission is a process in communication technology that enables information to move from a source location to a destination. It is the process of sending and receiving information from one person or location to another.
In this simple guide, you will learn:
- How to apply the different types of information transmission
- How to identify and use the modes of information transmission
- How to differentiate between the methods of information transmission
- Lots more
So, if you want to learn about information transmission, then, keep scrolling. Let’s quickly ‘hit the road’.
Table of Contents- Contents
- Meaning of Information Transmission
- What is Information Transmission?
- Why is information transmission important?
- The importance of information transmission
- Examples of information transmission
- Types of Information Transmission
- Modes of Information Transmission
- Audio: using sound to transmit information
- Visual: using illustration to transmit information
- Audio-visual: combining sound and illustration when sending information
- Methods of Information Transmission
- Ancient methods of transmitting information: how information is transmitted in ancient civilization
- Oral communication
- Drum beats
- Fire lightening
- Town crying
- Whistling
- Drawing diagrams
- Making representation
- Modern methods of transmitting information:
- Conclusion
Contents
SECTION ONE
Meaning of Information Transmission
In this section, I’ll define information transmission, and we’ll explore its importance and some examples.
What is Information Transmission?
Information transmission is a process of moving information from a source to a destination. The source can be a person or a location and the destination can be a person or a location.
If the source is a person, then he/she is the sender or the originator of the information. If the destination is a person, then he/she is the user or consumer of information.
Location can also be used to define the origin and destination of the information. Hence, information (also known as processed data) can originate from the United States with a destination in South Africa.
Therefore, information transmission is the process of sending information from the originator or source to the user or consumer.
Why is information transmission important?
In recent times, data and information are essential to every organization as it aids production and enhances profitability. Through data and data analysis, products and service delivery can be streamlined to improve the well-being of consumers.
Also, companies use data to make strategic decisions and reposition their organizations for the future. Through data and information, problems can be anticipated and solutions proffered without a downturn in the organization’s fortune.
For example, Facebook uses scientific data analysis to gain insights into the social interaction of people. Similarly, Amazon uses information derived from predictive data analysis to increase customer satisfaction in eCommerce (data Flair).
To help you understand the high demand for data and data analysts among businesses today, check these statistics.
- The adoption of big data by companies has risen from 17% in 2015 to 53% in 2017 (Forbes).
- The US bureau of labor statistics predicts strong growth in data science jobs by 28% by 2026.
- Statista predicts a rise in the global big data market of 103 billion US dollars by 2027.
With such investment, companies would transmit information derived from data analysis for an increase in revenue.
The importance of information transmission
When data is processed, the information needs to get to the consumers or users. If it fails to get to the users, the original aim of the investment will be defeated. Therefore, the importance of information transmission includes:
- To satisfy the original aim and objective of data collection and analysis
- To help in the education of the receivers of information
- To eliminate ignorance and impending danger that could result in the absence of such information
- It helps to reduce the distance between the originator or sender and the user or receiver of information.
- Efficient information transmission justifies the budget and investment made in data collection and analysis.
- It brings the world into a global village where information can easily be shared and accessed
- It boasts the relevance of information and communication technology. If information is not transmitted, ICT will not be irrelevant.
Examples of information transmission
Information transmission entails sending information from one person or location to another. There are different ways information can be sent and received. Before we detail the methods of information transmission, let us look at a few examples relating to information transmission.
- Letter writing: One common example of information transmission is letter writing. A letter is a way of letting the receiver know your thoughts and feelings in a paper. It is common among siblings, family, and friends. For example, Uche lives in Lagos and wishes to inform his mother how he’s fairing after three months of absence. He writes a letter to his mother. It is always convenient to write a letter if you have a means of conveying it to the receiver. This is the major work of postal and courier services.
- Memo: In a workplace, instead of letters, memos are predominantly used. A memo is used to disseminate information to the relevant workforce in a work environment. A memo can contain announcements, notices, or information on work-related activities. For example, the manager of Zenith Bank wrote a memo instructing the security to shut the entrance door at 2.00 pm.
- Email: In recent times, emails are fast replacing letters and memos. Because emails transmit faster and are easier to document, offices use emails more frequently than memos. It is the predominant use of emails both for peers, family, and businesses that keep different companies in the business. For example, some companies use Microsoft Outlook, while others use Google mail services. To use email to transmit information, you need an email account and the email address of the receiver. [Learn how to create email].
- SMS: Short messaging service is a system of sending a message using a mobile telephone. It is the easiest and fastest means of transmitting information between two persons that own a mobile phone. However, as the name connotes, it is used for short messages or notices.
There are other examples, including making telephone calls, sending fax, etc. Each of these examples requires you to know how to use them for efficient information transmission.
Now that you have reached the end of this section, let’s recap what you’ve learned. We covered the definition of information transmission, its importance, and a few examples. Let’s now proceed to the classification of information transmission. Before we continue, it will be nice if you test your knowledge.
Test your Knowledge with these Key Questions:
- In October 2019, a fax was sent from the British House of Commons to Nigeria.
- Identify the originator of the information. (a) British House of Commons (b) Nigeria (c) London (d) the United Kingdom
- What is the destination of the information (a) UK (b) Niger (c) Nigeria (d) Abuja
- Information can also be defined as (a) Data communication (b) Processed data (c) Information transmission (d) Preserved data
- Two Key components of information transmission are (a) Data and information (b) information and person (c) sender and user (d) location and transmitter
- Data and information enhance production and profitability. TRUE / FALSE
- Example of a company that uses data and information in e-commerce business is (a) Facebook (b) Amazon (c) Microsoft (d) Netflix
- One of the importance of information transmission is (a) It reduces the distance between sender and receiver (b) It makes the world a global village (c) It educates the receiver of information (d) All of the above
- The Post Office is necessary for information transmission because it transmits (a) a memo (b) an Email (c) a fax (d) a letter
- Google and Outlook are examples of (a) Information transmission agents (b) email providers (c) telephone companies (d) postal agents
- A common example of information transmission used to communicate thoughts and feelings among siblings, family, and friends is (a) letter (b) fax (c) memo (d) call
- What is the full meaning of SMS?
Answers:
1(a) A 1(b) C 2. B 3. C 4. True 5. B
6. D 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. Short messaging service.
SECTION TWO
Types of Information Transmission
In this section, we are going to examine the two main classes of information transmission. These two means of transmitting information will help you differentiate between ancient and modern methods of information transmission.
They are handy and can be used to illustrate how to transmit information in ancient and modern times. If you are ready, let’s begin.
Electronic means of transmitting information
In modern times, information is being conveyed from one place to another using electronic methods. In electronic methods data is transmitted through electromagnetic signals. Electromagnetic signals include electrical voltage, radio waves, and microwave or infrared signals.
This means that information is transmitted through an electronic communication channel. It also means that the sender of information requires an electronic device to send the information. Similarly, the receiver of the information needs an electronic device to receive such information.
Some electronic methods of transmitting information include email, telephone, radio, television, etc.
Modes of electronic data transmission
In data communication, the electronic transmission of information can be carried out in three (3) different modes.
The three modes tell how efficiently the information can be transmitted from the sender to the receiver. Thus, we have simplex, half-duplex, and duplex modes.
Simplex mode:
In simplex mode, information travels in one direction only. This means that the sender sends out information to the receiver, but cannot receive feedback. Also, the receiver receives, but cannot send. A typical example of a simplex mode of communication channel is TV and radio broadcasting. The sender broadcasts at the TV station while the receiver receives via a television.
Half-duplex mode:
In half-duplex mode, communication travels in both directions but not at the same time. This means that the sender can send and receive, but not at the same time. When a sender sends, the receiver receives, and vice versa.
In recent times, the half-duplex mode of communication is not commonly used. Its use is predominantly found in military and paramilitary. An example of a half-duplex communication channel is a walkie-talkie or handheld transceiver.
Full duplex mode:
In a full duplex, information travels in both directions at the same time. This means that the sender can transmit and receive feedback without a wait time. This mode of communication is predominantly in use today. A given example of a full duplex communication channel is a telephone call.
Non-electronic means of transmitting information
This is a means of disseminating information using manual and non-electronic channels. Channels could be from person to person or print media. Person-to-person (s) channel includes common ancient methods of disseminating information such as oral, gong, whistling, sign, etc.
When person to person is used, one may have feedback or no feedback at all. For example, a gong is used to summon people to a community square, and oral communication elicits immediate feedback. However, sign and drawing diagrams do not require feedback.
The print channel can cover the distance, unlike the person-to-person channel. It includes the use of ink and print technology to convey information from one place to another. This includes the use of letters, newspapers and magazines, books, etc.
Now that you’ve understood the two main types of information transmission, let’s explore the modes of information transmission. Meanwhile, use this opportunity to test your knowledge.
Test your Knowledge with these Key Questions:
- The two main types of information transmission are (a) Electronic and non-electronic (b) duplex and simplex (c) half-duplex and full-duplex (d) none of the above
- Full duplex means (a) Unidirectional (b) Bidirectional (c) Half-directional (d) Full-directional
- A walkie-talkie is an example of a (a) simplex communication channel (b) duplex communication channel (c) half-duplex communication channel (d) handheld transceiver channel
- Examples of electronic communication devices are (a) paper and oral (b) fax and mobile phone (c) signs and newspapers (d) None of the above
- Television is a popular means of communication, however, it is (a) simple channel (b) duplex mode (c) half-duplex mode (d) simplex mode
- Whistling is an example of (a) an electronic means of communication (b) an old and obsolete means of communication (c) a duplex means of communication (d) a non-electronic means of communication
- The two major channels of non-electronic means of communication are (a) manual and print (b) person-to-person and print media (c) Oral and gong (d) person-to-person and sign
- Person to person channel of non-electronic communication is ideal where distance is not a barrier. TRUE/ FALSE
Answers:
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. True
SECTION THREE
Modes of Information Transmission
What form or style should the information be presented to the receiver? Which form do you think your receiver will understand the most?
There are three (3) different ways to package and send information to the consumer. In this section, I am going to distinguish between the three modes.
After this section, you can choose which mode best suit your audience.
Haven said that, let’s jump in.
Audio: using sound to transmit information
Have you ever had a conversation with someone before, I guess you had one today. Have you ever made a phone call? In either case, the mode of communication is audio.
In audio mode, information is transmitted using sound. The sender transmits sound orally or using a mechanism that produces or transmits sound. The receiver hears or listens to the content using a device that interprets or produces sound.
Audio is the simplest and easiest mode of information transmission that you can use at all times. To transmit information to a distant audience, you may need an audio recording device.
Examples of audio modes include conversation, telephone calls, whistling, beating drums, and radio transmission. These instruments enable sound to be sent and heard by the users of information.
A podcast is another means of transmitting audio information over the internet using podcast platforms. In recent years, podcast platforms have experienced growth in podcast listeners. This point to the general acceptance of the audio mode of information transmission.
Though there has been a decline in the percentage growth of active podcasts. Insider predicts growth in the podcast industry to the tune of $94.88 billion in 2028.
Visual: using illustration to transmit information
Visual mode allows you to transmit information using signs and illustrations. This makes sense, especially, to children and those with hearing impediments.
The sender usually creates a visual representation of such information and passes it to the users. Mechanisms that enable users to visually decode or read such information are used during transmission. The users see such information, and decode and understand them.
Examples of visual modes include sign language, drawing diagrams, fire lightning, graphic arts, prints such as books, magazines, letters, etc. Others include Sms, emails, telex, fax, and web pages.
The later examples require electronic transmission; hence, the receivers need devices that can display such information. E.g., telephones, computers, and fax machines.
Audio-visual: combining sound and illustration when sending information
Recently, audio-visual is one of the best modes of information transmission. Audio-visual mode combines the strength of audio and visual when representing information.
Contents created using the audio-visual form are usually preferred over contents created with either audio or visual. This is because studies have shown that images and illustrations help to retain information (UKEssays, Global media).
Students also prefer audio-visual content because it increases retention ability. This mode of communication can be used when teaching, and when making presentations.
Examples of devices that transmit audio-visual mode include television, smartphones, and multimedia content on web pages.
Today, social media sites present important platforms for transmitting and receiving audio-visual information. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, YouTube, Instagram, Vimeo, etc, are helping people transmit audio-visual information.
This is because the consumption of such information has grown in recent times. According to Backlinko, 72% of consumers prefer to watch a video about a product than read text about the same product.
Also, there has been a decrease in active podcasts. The active podcasts on Apple dropped from 34% in June 2021 to 21% in April 2022 (The Podcast Host).
This points to the fact that the audio-visual mode is generally more acceptable than the other two modes.
Now that you know the different modes of information transmission, test your knowledge before we discuss the methods.
Test your Knowledge with these Key Questions:
- The three modes of information transmission are __________
- Which of the mode are you most likely to use every day? (a) Visual (b) audio (c) audio-visual (d) none
- There has been a growing trend in the consumption of videos in recent times. Which mode does video represent? (a) Video mode (b) Visual mode (c) Audio-visual (d) Audio-video
- A podcast is an example of ____ mode. (a) Audio-visual (b) Audio (c) Visual (d) None of the above
- Audio mode allows information to be transmitted through (a) Visuals (b) signs (c) illustrations (d) sound
- State three examples of the audio mode of transmission []
- A typical example of visual mode is (a) television (b) fire lightening (c) YouTube (d) telephone
- Print is an example of audio-visual mode. TRUE/ FALSE
- Video calling allows you to see the caller while listening to the conversation. This is an example of (a) Visual (b) audio-visual (c) audio (d) audio-video
Answers:
1. audio, visual and audio-visual 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. Conversation, telephone call, town crying 7. B 8. False 9. B
SECTION FOUR
Methods of Information Transmission
It is now time for you to learn the methods of transmitting the information. In this section, I will distinguish between two methods: the ancient and the modern methods.
In the end, you will understand how information was transmitted in the past, and how you can do the same today. Let’s quickly complete this section.
Ancient methods of transmitting information: how information is transmitted in ancient civilization
In the time past, before modern civilization, your forefathers were able to transmit information. During this period, simple but significant methods were used. Some of the methods used are discussed below.
Oral communication
The oral method uses verbal communication to transmit information. It involves all forms of conversations that permit communication through the mouth.
It is used when the sender and receiver of information are within a close distance. The receiver usually hears the sender naturally and can give immediate feedback.
Drum beats
Drum beats involve hitting a drum or wooden gong to draw the attention of people. It is popularly used in rural areas.
In villages and communities, the custodian of the drum beats the drum for different purposes. For example, it could be used to indicate time.
In the early hours of the morning, the drum is beaten at different intervals to indicate time. People who do not have a clock usually use the beat to know what time to wake and prepare for their daily activities.
Drum beat can also be used to summon villagers on different occasions. Villagers could gather for meetings or communal events such as farming, palm fruit harvesting, etc.
Fire lightening
This involves the lightening of fire and letting the smoke send a message across. Fire lighting is used on two occasions.
Firstly, it is used as bush burning to signify the beginning of the farming season. In some communities, there is a specified time for bush clearing each farming season. After a specified interval, the bush is communally burnt to indicate the commencement of farming.
The second is to indicate presence. During farming, people use fire lighting to indicate their presence at a particular location. Also, fire is used to indicate settlement in farm settlement areas.
Town crying
This is a popular means of passing information across to concerned villagers. Town criers usually carry iron or wooden gong or a bell to draw the attention of villagers.
When the village head or village council has important information, they usually send a person to pass such information across. The person also called the town crier will go from hamlet to hamlet, drawing attention with a gong.
Town criers usually pass information in the early hours of the morning or late hours in the evening.
Whistling
Whistling is a sound produced with the mouth, or with the help of hands. It is usually used to pass a message among friends and colleagues who understand the different sounds made.
Drawing diagrams
This involves the use of symbols, illustrations, and diagrams to send information. In ancient times, diagrams and illustrations were popularly used to transmit information.
Symbols are used to represent items such that when used in communication, they make sense to the users.
Diagrams can be used on trees, landmarks, and walls to pass information to the public or a group. For example, there is a symbol that indicates royalty, market, river, etc.
Diagrams and illustrations are also used in the present time along the road to indicate environmental features. For example, there are symbols for railway crossings, U-turns, bridges, etc.
Making representation
Making representation is the use of an inanimate object to pass information. At the time past, an object can be sent from one person or community to another. Such an item is a representation of an event, a message or an instruction to be adhered to.
Items such as stick, cutlass, bow, salt or soap, etc can be sent. The receivers usually understood the message as soon as they receive such items.
For example, a stick can be sent to indicate a warning, a cutlass to indicate impending war, salt to indicate marriage, etc.
Modern methods of transmitting information:
Methods of transmitting information in recent times abound. Communication technology keeps widening the scope daily to make information transmission more efficient.
Let us look at some of the methods used in modern times to transmit information.
Prints
This includes written and printed documents that convey information. It could be books, newspapers, letters, etc.
Telephone
This is used by two or more persons who are distance apart to communicate with each other. This kind of information transmission requires a telephone number and a telephony device.
Telex
A telex is a device used to transmit text information through a switched network of teleprinters. The use of this method has declined.
Radio
Radio is a device that detects radio waves transmitted within a given area. Radio communication is a broadcast to a group of people that could be in a given location where such signals can be received.
Television
Television is used by information users to decode audio-visual information. It can detect and decode electromagnetic signals transmitted via satellites and antennas.
It can also be used to view information packaged on DVDs, CDs, and Blu-ray. Smart tv can be used to connect to a media streaming service such as Netflix.
Fax
A fax is a device that can transmit the scanned form of texts and images through a telephone line. It is usually connected to a printer.
Satellite
A satellite is an object placed in orbit to enhance communication, weather forecasts, etc. It transmits information into space and makes it available to smaller satellites.
Satellites are important components of modern communication and play important role in telecommunications, radio, and tv broadcasting.
Internet
The internet provides a system for global communication. It allows multiple computers to interconnect with each other and be able to exchange information.
To exchange information using the internet, you will need a device that is connected to the internet. To be connected, you will need a modem or a device that can browse, and an internet service provider.
GSM
Global System for Mobile communication is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
It is used to transmit voice and text messages through a connected SIM card. The SIM card makes it possible for such transmissions to take place without a connected cable.
The SIM card (Subscribers Identification Module) has a number used to identify each subscriber.
Conclusion
I hope that you understood each of the sections discussed. Now, I want to know your take. If there is anything you think I omitted, let me know by leaving a comment below.
Meanwhile, you can brace your knowledge with the following questions.
Test your Knowledge with these Key Questions:
- Which of the following is not an ancient method of information transmission? (a) oral (b) prints (c) drum beats (d) whistling
- The method of information transmission that requires an individual to carry a gong from place to place is (a) whistling (b) town crying (c) drum beats (d) oral communication
- Which ancient method uses diagrams and illustrations to send information? (a) making representation (b) fire lightening (c) drawing diagrams (d) town crying
- GSM means ____ (a) Global system mobile (b) Global system for mobile communication (c) Globe systematic mobile communication (d) global system of motion commerce
- Which method can interconnect computers and enable global information exchange? (a) GSM (b) satellite (c) telex (d) internet
- Which of the following methods enables the exchange of text electronically? (a) Email (b) Fax (c) GSM (d) All of the above
- An important component of communication that enhances telecommunication, radio, and TV broadcasting is (a) Television (b) Satellite (c) Radio (d) Internet
Answers:
1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B
Iron Age Tools and Technology
Iron age tools are weapons and equipment made of iron, which eventually replaced the bronze tools. The iron age is the period when people of different locations learned how to use iron for weapons and tools.
During this period, different technologies were employed to produce iron tools and equipment. Smelting was a predominant iron age technology used to fabricate iron age tools and weapons.
The iron age changed the face of human civilization and the pattern of production. The key importance of the iron age is the solution to the shortage of farming implements and more durable tools.
This lesson is important for students in Junior Secondary Schools and covers the curriculum on the Iron Age. In this lesson you will learn the following:
- What is the iron age?
- What are the iron age tools and weapons?
- What is iron age technology?
- The importance of the iron age
The diagram below summarizes this study and helps the student memorize the entire study in minutes.
What is Iron Age?
The iron age is a prehistoric period when iron tools and equipment are mostly used in production. This period did not start at the same time throughout human existence. It occurred at different periods in different parts of the world.
For example, it started in the Middle East and Southern Europe in 1200 BCE. Before this period, iron had limited use in this region. This is might be because the people do not understand its superior quality to bronze.
According to studies, iron metallurgy started between 3000 and 2500BCE in Africa. The Nok culture in Nigeria was discovered to have practiced iron smelting at about 550BC.
In China, the iron age started around 600 BCE. As time goes on, the knowledge of iron metallurgy and iron implements became widespread. Iron implements, tools, and equipment spread all over and became predominant in human history for about 2000years.
The iron age is the third stage of human civilization. It follows the Stone Age and the Bronze Age. However, in African civilization, the iron age followed the stone age. This is because iron and bronze diffused into Africa in the same period.[1]
The transition from the bronze age
After the stone age, bronze implements became predominant and were used for tools and weapons. Bronze is made up of tin and copper. Over time, tin became scarce, which led to a decline in the production of bronze tools.[2]
As time goes on, people began to source a substitute for bronze. But because of the predominant presence of iron, iron became an option. The only problem was that iron has a higher melting point than bronze.
Gradually, people began to produce iron tools by heating and hammering. When iron is heated at a high temperature, it becomes softer, then a hammer is used to shape the tool. This system continued until the temperature of furnaces was increased to make different shapes out of iron ore.
Over time, carbon was added to iron to produce steel. When tin became available again, iron was discovered to be cheaper, stronger, and lighter. This made iron tools and weapons permanently replace the bronze implements.
Iron Age Tools and Weapons
The first 3 stages of civilization were a period of an agrarian society. People cultivate the soil to produce food. Hence, tools and implements made at this time were mostly used for agriculture and protection against invaders.
The iron age tools and weapons are the classes of tools and weapons predominantly used by people at that time. Iron age tools are implements and equipment made to aid farming and agriculture, especially, clearing and sol cultivation.
The iron age weapons are portable implements used for protection and military actions. People use weapons to wage war as well as protect themselves against invaders.
Iron age tools
Iron age tools are used for cultivation, woodwork, agricultural activities, and production of other tools. Some of them include:
- Plough tip – This is a hard iron blade that is usually pooled by animals. Plough is used in tilling tougher soils.
- Axes – These are heavy iron blades with a wooden handle used for breaking woods, and falling trees.
- Sickles – This is a curved knife made of iron with a wooden handle. It is used for cutting grass and harvesting crops.
- Shovels and hoes – Shovels and hoes are flat metals with wooden or metal handles used for tilling the ground.
- Ards – art is a tool with an iron tip and wooden handle. It is used for tilling the ground.
- Anvils – This is a big iron block that is used as support for hammering and shaping metals. They are mostly used by the blacksmiths.
- Hammers – These are tough iron heads with wooden or metal handle used to break and shape objects. Hammers have different shapes and toughness depending on what they use.
- Chisel – This is a flat-shaped iron object used for breaking woods, metals, and hard objects.
Iron age weapons
Iron age weapons are used for protection and military action. Some of them are:
- Knife – This is a metal blade with one sharp face used for cutting. It can have a wooden handle.
- Swords – This is a long weapon made of iron or bronze. It has two sharp faces with a handle.
- Spears and lances – These are weapons made of long wooden objects with pointing iron tips.
- Daggers – Daggers are like swords but are shorter and can easily be hidden on the body.
- Shield – This is an oval metal used for protection. When the enemy attacks, shields are used to protect from attack, especially in military action.
- Javelin – This is a projected weapon with long iron body. It is used to attack an enemy from a distance.
Iron Age Technology
During the iron age, tools, weapons, and implements were made using iron as the chief material. Iron age technology includes the process of producing tools and implements through ironworking and inventions made as a result.
Iron age technology, therefore, includes the following production processes.
Smelting
Smelting is the process of producing metal from its ore through excessive heating. When excessive heat is applied, you can extract a base metal from the ore.
Smithing
Smithing is the process of fabricating a metal using heating and hammering. When you heat metal to become red hot, you can heat it to form a shape. This is one of the processes used by the blacksmiths.
Welding
Welding is the process of fabricating metals by joining metals together using a specialized heating process.
Furnace
A furnace is a heating unit used to melt metals and other substances at high temperatures.
Quenching
Quenching is the process of making iron stronger and more brittle. Using this process, iron can be transformed into steel.
The iron age technology led to inventions and innovations that powered human civilization, settlements, and the security of lives and properties. Notable inventions of the iron age include:
Security of lives and properties
The iron age ushered in complex security systems and military action. Different cities were able to build strong gates and wall their cities to protect lives and properties from intruders.
Underground tunnels
Before the iron age, people began to invade other communities to loot and do away with their bronze. This was because bronze was scarce at that time. Communities can be held under siege for a long. But the iron age technology led to the construction of underground tunnels. The tunnels connect to springs and lead people to the waterways during a period of siege.
Coins
Coins that are imprinted for exchange appeared for the first time in the iron age. Coins first appeared in Lydia at about 600BC and were used as a form of currency.
War weapons and farming tools
The iron age led to the production of more sophisticated weapons for military action. War weapons such as spears and arrows, plate armors, chains, and chariots were produced.
Also, there was massive production of farming tools that aided farmland cultivation. Farming tools such as iron ax, sickle, cutlasses, hoe, etc., were produced, and they made farming more efficient and productive.
Plough tip
The production of plow tips made it possible for people to cultivate tougher soil with greater efficiency. It also speeds up cultivation and increased agricultural production.
Rotary quern
This is a domestic tool or mechanical machine used for grinding grains. It is made up of two circular stones, the top, and the bottom. The top stone usually has a hole and a handle and moves in a circular direction to grind grains. When you pour grain and rotate the top stone, the grains are grounded on the bottom immovable stone.
Importance of Iron Age
The following importance of the iron age should be noted. They include:
- Though the bronze age made available tools and weapons for agriculture, military, and production, iron improved on them.
- The introduction of iron helped to solve the problem of the shortage of tools and implements created by the scarcity of bronze.
- Iron led to the production of stronger tools for the breaking and tilling of tougher soils for agriculture.
- There was the introduction of new varieties of crops and livestock
- It also led to expanded and increased farmland cultivation which improved agricultural production.
- Iron eliminated the problem of recasting blunt and dull weapons and tools. Instead of recasting, blunt edges are sharpened.
- New ways of smelting and working with metals are developed.
- Iron changed the pattern of settlement. People were able to move and resettle from one place to another.
- Iron made possible the production of steel tools and weapons which are much stronger than bronze.
- Military actions and an enhanced system of warfare were developed.
Significance of the iron age in African civilization
The iron age has the following significance in Nigeria and West Africa:
- Iron was vital to the rise of Dahomey, Benin, and Yoruba kingdoms in Nigeria
- It brought the exchange of knowledge and spiritual belief system in Nigeria
- It led to the origin and importance of blacksmithing in West Africa
- Blacksmiths used iron to produce agricultural tools, war weapons, and protective covers.
- Blacksmiths were admired because it is believed that ironworking has a closeness with spiritual powers.
- Blacksmiths were socially and politically powerful, and invaluable in major communities.
- People with ironworking skills can travel and settle anywhere at will because of their specialized knowledge.
Conclusion
The iron age tools and technology led to advancement in human society. It is a period that brought about the massive use of iron tools and implements for efficient agricultural production. Also, stronger weapons are produced for defense.
Iron age tools include plow tips, hoes, knives, etc., while iron age weapons include spears, arrows, etc. These tools and weapons helped in farm cultivation and protection during the era.
Iron age technology saw the use of smelting, smithing, quenching, and welding to fabricate stronger tools. Notable inventions during this era include plow tips, chariots, coins, tunnels, and iron gates.
There are other iron age tools, weapons, and technologies that we cannot cover in this article. I believe that the tools, weapons, and technology of the iron age discussed so far will help students understand the era.
[1] The idea of whether iron diffused into sub-Sahara Africa or was discovered in Africa is still a subject of discussion by scholars.
[2] https://study.com/academy/lesson/iron-age-definition-characteristics-importance.html#lesson-quiz-question-cta
Classification of Computers – by generation, type, size and degree
There are different ways to classify a computer depending on your area of interest. because this article focuses on beginners and students, we shall discuss the four key classifications of computers. Elsewhere in the links below, we discussed each classification of computers in greater detail
In this article, we looked at the classification of computers under the following headings: classification of computers by:
In addition, we briefly explored the basic computer components such as:
- Hardware
- Software, and
- Peopleware
Table of Contents
The summary is illustrated in the infographic below.
Classification of Computers by Generation
Detail information on the generations of computers can be found in this article: Identifying Different Generations of Computers. Here, we summarized the classification of computers by generation as follows:
- First-generation computers were based on vacuum tubes. These machines were large in size, expensive to operate and instructions were written in machine language. Their computation time was in milliseconds.
- Second-generation computers were based on transistors. They were smaller, less expensive, and required less maintenance than the first-generation computers. They used the stored program concept. Programs were written in assembly language. The computation time was in microseconds.
- The use of Integrated Circuits characterized third-generation computers. They consumed less power and required low maintenance compared to their predecessors. High-level languages were used for programming. The computation time was in nanoseconds. These computers marked the beginning of commercial production.
- Fourth-generation computers used microprocessors designed using the LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) technology. The computers became small, portable, reliable, and cheap. The computation time is in picoseconds. They became available both to the home user and for commercial use.
- Fifth-generation computers are expected to be capable of learning and self-organization. The computers use SLSI (Super Large-Scale Integration) chips and have large memory requirements. They use parallel processing and are based on (AI) Artificial Intelligence. The fifth-generation computers are still being developed.
Classification of Computers by Types
There are three major classifications of computers by type, namely: Analog, Digital, and Hybrid computers. Let us discuss each in greater detail.
Analog Computers:
An analog computer is a kind of computer that represents data as a variable across a continuous range of values. The earliest computers were analog computers. Analog computers measure parameters that vary continuously in real-time, such as temperature, pressure, and voltage. Analog computers may be more flexible but generally less precise than digital computers. The slide rule is an example of an analog computer. In general, analog computers are extraordinarily fast, since they can solve most complex equations at the rate at which a signal traverses the circuit, which is generally an appreciable fraction of the speed of light. On the other hand, the precision of analog computers is not good; they are limited to three, or at most, four digits of precision.
Digital Computer:
A digital computer uses distinct values to represent the data internally. All information is represented using the digits 0s and 1s. The computers that we use in our homes and offices are digital computers. Digital computers can be built to take the solution of equations to almost unlimited precision, but quite slowly compared to analog computers. Generally, complex equations are approximated using iterative numerical methods which take huge numbers of iterations, depending on how good the initial “guess” at the final value is and how much precision is desired.
Hybrid Computer:
Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical operations, while the analog component normally serves as a solver of differential equations. Hybrid computers can be used to obtain a very good but relatively imprecise ‘seed’ value, using an analog computer front-end, which is then fed into a digital computer iterative process to achieve the final desired degree of precision. With a three or four-digit, highly accurate numerical seed, the total digital computation time necessary to reach the desired precision is dramatically reduced, since many fewer iterations are required.
Classification by Type Classification of Computers by Size
A third classification of computers is by size. Computers are broadly classified into four based on their size, namely:
- Microcomputers,
- Mini-computers,
- Mainframe computers, and
- supercomputers.
Microcomputers:
Microcomputers are relatively small and low-cost. They consist of a CPU, an input unit, an output unit, a storage unit, and the software. Although microcomputers are stand-alone machines, they can be connected together to create a network of computers that can serve more than one user. Microcomputers include desktop computers, notebook computers or laptops, tablet computers, handheld computers, smartphones, and netbooks, as shown in the figure below.
Different Sizes of Micro Computers The Desktop Computer usually called Personal Computer (PC) is the most common type of microcomputer. It is a standalone machine that can be placed on the desk. Notebook Computers or Laptops look like a notebook. They are portable and have all the features of a desktop computer. The advantage of the laptop is that it is small in size, can be carried anywhere, has a battery backup, and has all the functionality of the desktop. Laptops can be placed on the lap while working (hence the name). However, some laptops are costlier than desktop machines, depending on system configurations.
Netbooks are smaller notebooks optimized for low weight and low cost and are designed for accessing web-based applications. Starting with the earliest netbook in late 2007, they have gained significant popularity now. Netbooks deliver the performance needed to enjoy popular activities like streaming videos or music, emailing, Web surfing, or instant messaging. The word netbook was created as a blend of Internet and notebook. Tablet Computer has features of the notebook computer but it can accept input from a stylus or a pen instead of the keyboard or mouse. It is a portable computer optimized for web capabilities. A tablet computer is a new kind of PC.
Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a small computer that can be held on the top of the palm. It is small in size. Instead of a keyboard, PDA uses a pen or a stylus for input. PDAs do not have a disk drive. They have limited memory and are less powerful. PDAs can be connected to the Internet via a wireless connection. Over the last few years, PDAs have merged into mobile phones to create smartphones. Casio and Apple are some of the manufacturers of PDAs. Smartphones are cellular phones that function both as a phone and as a small PC. They may use a stylus or a pen or may have a small keyboard. They can be connected to the Internet wirelessly. They are used to access electronic mail, download music, play games, etc. Blackberry, Apple, HTC, Nokia, and LG are some of the manufacturers of smartphones.
Minicomputers:
Minicomputers are digital computers, generally used in multi-user systems. They have high processing speed and high storage capacity than microcomputers. Minicomputers can support up to 4 – 200 users simultaneously. The users can access the minicomputer through their PCs or terminal. They are used for real-time applications in industries, research centers, etc. PDP 8, IBM (8000 series) are some of the widely used minicomputers. The figures below are examples of minicomputers.
Mainframe Computers:
Mainframe computers are multi-user, multi-programming, and high-performance computers. They operate at a very high speed, have a very large storage capacity, and can handle the workload of many users. Mainframe computers are large and powerful systems generally used in centralized databases. The user accesses the mainframe computer via a terminal that may be a dumb terminal, an intelligent terminal, or a PC. A dumb terminal cannot store data or do the processing on its own. It has the input and output device only. An intelligent terminal has the input and output device, can do processing, but, cannot store data of its own. The dumb and the intelligent terminal use the processing power and the storage facility of the mainframe computer. Mainframe computers are used in organizations like banks or companies, where many people require frequent access to the same data. Some examples of mainframes are CDC 6600 and IBM ES000 series. The figures below are examples of mainframe computers.
Supercomputers:
Supercomputers are the fastest and most expensive machines. They have high processing speed compared to other computers. The speed of a supercomputer is generally measured in FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second). Some of the faster supercomputers can perform trillions of calculations per second. Supercomputers are built by interconnecting thousands of processors that can work in parallel.
Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks, such as weather forecasting, climate research (global warming), molecular research, biological research, nuclear research, and aircraft design. They are also used in major universities, military agencies, and scientific research laboratories. Some examples of supercomputers are IBM Roadrunner, IBM Blue Gene, and Intel ASCI Red. PARAM is a series of supercomputers assembled in India by C-DAC (Center for Development of Advanced Computing), in Pune. PARAM Padma is the latest machine in this series. The peak computing power of PARAM Padma is 1 TeraFLOP (TFLOP). The diagrams below are examples of supercomputers.
Classification By Size Classification of Computers by Degree of Versatility
The fourth and final classification of computers is by degree of usage. Based on the degree of usage or versatility, computers fall into two groups:
- General-purpose computers, and
- Special-purpose computers
General-Purpose Computers:
General-purpose computers are designed to solve a large variety of problems. That is they can be given different programs to solve different types of problems. General-purpose computers can process business data as readily as they process complex mathematical formulas. General-purpose computers can store a large amount of data and the programs necessary to process them. Because general-purpose computers are so versatile, most businesses today use them. Most digital computers are general computers and it is mainly such computers that are used in business and commercial data processing. A PC or a Mac and other types of computers can do a huge amount of things. They can be used by different people for completely different kinds of jobs. They are general-purpose computers.
Special-Purpose Computers:
Special-purpose computers are designed to solve specific problems; the computer program for solving the problem is built right into the computer. Special-purpose computers have many features of general-purpose computers but are designed to handle specific problems and are not applied to other computerized activities. For example, special-purpose computers may be designed to process only numeric data or to completely control automated manufacturing processes. Moat analog computers are special-purpose computers. Special-purpose computers are designed to do specific kinds of jobs. A TV, a washing machine, an iPod, etc, are forms of computers, but they have only a small range of things that they can do and are designed specifically to do them.
Special-purpose computers are often used as training simulators. A simulator is a computer-controlled device for training people under simulated, or artificially created, conditions. The computer creates test conditions the trainee must respond to, it then records and evaluates the responses, providing these results to both the trainee and supervisor.
The Concept of Computer System
A computer can be defined as a programmable device that can automatically perform logical and arithmetic operations based on the input given by the user and returns the desired result after processing. A computer can also be defined as an electronic device that accepts data, processes it, stores the data as per user instruction, and gives the results quickly and accurately. A computer system is a combination of hardware and software that takes input, processes them, and gives output. Computer components are divided into two major categories namely hardware and software. Hardware is the machine itself and its connected devices such as monitor, keyboard, mouse, scanner, printer, etc. Software is the set of programs that make use of hardware for performing various functions.
A computer has the following characteristics:
- It processes complex computations faster and more accurately than human beings
- It can store a large amount of data while working for hours without breaking or inputting errors
- A computer can perform different kinds of work at the same time
- A computer cannot work except instruction is passed to it
- A computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience, or feeling, hence a computer cannot think.
Components of Computer System
There are three major components of a computer system, namely: hardware, software, and peopleware.
Hardware components
These include the physical components that make up a computer system. The hardware components include all components that a user can see and touch while using the computer. A computer system consists of four basic units; namely the input unit, a storage unit, a central processing unit, and an output unit. The central processing unit is further divided into Arithmetic logic unit and a control unit. These four units enable the computer to perform the following five basic functions:
- Accepts data or instructions as input
- Stores data and instructions
- Processes data based on per-user instructions
- Controls all operations inside a computer
- Gives results in the form of output to the user.
Input devices: Input devices are used to enter data into the computer system. The hardware components that make up the input unit include a mouse, keyboard, scanner, touchscreen monitor, camera/camcorder, joystick, and microphone.
Storage devices: Storage devices are used by the computer system to save data and information for future use. Some of the hardware components that make up the storage devices include:
Primary memory/storage: Random Access Memory (RAM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), cache, and flash memory.
Secondary (internal) storage: Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD)
External storage: CD/DVD, diskette, flash drive, external hard disk, blue-ray disk, and a pen drive.
The central processing unit (CPU): This is the processing center of the computer. It is the center where all arithmetic and logical operations of the computer are performed. The CPU takes data and instructions from the primary memory and performs calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. The CPU is divided into the Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU).
The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs all calculations and comparisons based on the data and instructions provided. It performs arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division and logical operations such as greater than, less than, greater than or equal to, equal to, etc.
The Control Unit controls all operations of the computer. It takes care of the step-by-step processing of all operations inside the computer. Operations such as input, processing, and output are performed by the control unit.
Output devices: Output devices are used by the computer system to give, show or display results to the user. The hardware components of the output unit are Monitor, printer, and speaker.
Identifying hardware components
Software components
Software components of a computer system have no physical presence but are a set of instructions and data stored in digital form within the computer memory. They have basically divided into two: system software and application software.
The system software is used to manage and control the hardware components of the computer. It allows for user interaction between the hardware and application software. There are two major categories of system software: the operating system and device drivers.
An application software otherwise called ‘apps’ are designed to allow users of a computer system to complete specific tasks. The application software is the major purpose for which we buy and learn how to use the computer system.
Application software can either be generic or bespoke. Generic application software is usually mass-produced with the intention that it will be used by a wide variety of different users in a wide range of different situations. This makes their cost cheaper and availability rampart. The bespoke or custom-built software is created for a specific purpose that will be used in a known environment. This makes them more expensive and very rare to see.
Another type of software is utility software. It helps a user to maintain and protect the computer system but does not directly interface with the computer hardware. Examples are anti-virus software, firewalls, disk defragmenters, disk cleanup, etc.
People-ware components
The computer is designed to be used by people. The people who use the computer are referred to as the peopleware component of the computer system. Peopleware refers to the role of people in the development and use of computer software and hardware.
Anyone who designs, develops, or uses computer systems plays an important role in the computing process. They include computer professionals and users such as computer engineers, programmers, individual computer users, software engineers, IT specialists, network engineers, graphic designers, computer technicians, database administrators, desktop publishers, etc.
The relationship between hardware, software, and people-ware
- The hardware, software, and peopleware are indispensable. All of them complement one another and none can function without the other. For example, people created both the software and the hardware, and the hardware cannot function without the software, and neither will the software function without the hardware. Also, both the hardware and software need people to operate them for them to function.
- One hardware can be used to load different software depending on who is using it. This means that people (users) determine the kind of software that can be loaded (installed) in computer hardware.
- The kind of job people does determines the kind of hardware and software that they can use. For example, the kind of computer hardware and software a film editor uses is different from the kind desktop publisher uses.
- Hardware is mostly purchased once while software used in computer hardware changes over time. Similarly, one or more persons can use computer hardware and software over time.
- Hardware, software, and peopleware can be upgraded over time. This means that obsolete and less functional hardware can be changed or upgraded for more efficiency, while over time, the software is updated to accommodate recent development in information and communication trends. Also, computer professionals and users upgrade their knowledge of innovative developments in the hardware and software industry to maximize productivity and usability.
Definition of Software
Computer software can be visualized as the intangible component of the computer system. It is the collection of programs, instructions, and data that directs the computer to perform specific tasks.
System Software
The system software is the backbone of the computer system. It has various functions including, controlling, integrating, and managing the computer hardware components. It also interfaces between the user, application software, and hardware such that users of the system see it as a functional unit. System software can be classified as the operating system, drivers, and utilities.
Operating system:
Examples of the operating system include Unix, Linux, Mac Os, OS/2, Xenix, Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8.1, HP-UX, Android (for mobile devices), etc.
Drivers:
Device drivers are operating system specific. A driver that works in Windows 7 may not necessarily work in Windows 8. Examples of device drivers: printer drivers, video adapter drivers, network drivers, sound card drivers, etc.
Utility software:
Utility software is routine software that is packaged with the operating system which helps in system maintenance. Examples of utility software include Norton Antivirus, McAfee Antivirus, Scandisk, disk defragmenter, backup and recovery manager, etc.
Application Software
Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer system. There are different kinds of application software such as word processing software, spreadsheet application software, graphics, multimedia software, database software, etc. Application software may consist of a single program e.g. AVS Video editor, a small collection of programs that work closely together to accomplish a task e.g. Microsoft Office Word, or a larger collection of related but independent programs and packages that have a common user interface or shared data format, such as Microsoft Office suite, Macromedia MX, CorelDraw graphic suite, etc.
Examples of application software:
Word Processing – MS Word, WordPad, WordPerfect, word star, text maker, Lotus word pro, Microsoft Works, etc
Spreadsheet applications – MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro, PlanMaker, OpenOffice.org Calc, AppleWorks, Accel, etc.
Graphics Design applications – 3D Studio Max, CorelDraw, Macromedia Dreamweaver & Fireworks, paint, photoshop, illustrator, InDesign, GIMP, Serif DrawPlus, etc.
Multimedia software – Windows media player, Real player, Total video player, Gamut, Winamp, etc.
Database applications – MS Access, Oracle, MySQL, MS SQL Server, DB2, etc.
Definition of an Operating System (OS)
An Operating System (OS) can be defined as system software that manages computer hardware and software resources. It is a vital component of the computer system and it provides common services for computer programs. Application software is usually dependent on the operating system to function.
Examples of Operating Systems
Different operating systems are used in computer systems today. The most popular ones which are mostly packaged together with a new system sold in the market include:
- FreeDOS– an improved version of DOS (Disk Operating System)
- Unix– a stable multi-user & multitasking OS for server systems.
- Linux – usually available as commercial and Open Source software. There are different Linux OS depending on the distribution: Red Hat, Ubuntu, OpenSuse, Fedora, LinuxMint, Debian, etc.
- Macintosh – usually called Mac, was introduced by Apple Computer.
- Windows – which is the most popular OS used today, especially in Nigeria. Windows OS is developed by Microsoft Inc. It has various versions including Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, etc.
Functions of the Operating System
The basic functions of an operating system are:
- It helps in booting the computer system
- It monitors the system performance and activities
- It helps in managing various peripheral devices such as mouse, keyboard, printer, etc
- It provides a user interface for the effective operating of the computer, e.g. command line and graphical user interface (GUI)
- It helps in resource allocation such as the computer’s memory and sharing of the central processing unit time by various applications or peripheral devices
- It provides a system of file management which includes the way the operating system manipulates, stores, retrieves, and saves data.
- It assists in computer utility functions such as backup and restore operations, defragmentation, disk cleaning, etc.
What is a Word Processor in 2021?
Summary
- A Word processor can be used to create, edit, format, save and print documents.
- With online word processing platforms, you can share and collaborate with teams.
- Word processing app for android makes it easy to create documents with android devices.
- A huge difference between text editors and word processing apps is their inability to format texts and layout documents.
- There are two major types of word processors: mechanical and software-based.
- Four types of software-based word processors were identified: proprietary, standalone, open office, and online.
- Some identified examples of word processing applications include:
- Microsoft 365
- WordPerfect
- AbiWord
- Apache OpenOffice
- Applix Word
- Adobe InCopy
- StarOffice Writer
- Apple Pages
- LibreOffice Writer
- Google Docs
- Zoho Writer
- SkyDesk Docs, etc
What is a Word Processor?
A word processor, like word processing, is a computer application used to create, edit, format, save and print documents. Usually, a word processor has inbuilt features that assist users to create and format texts in standardized document formats.
Text editors can process texts but they do not have features to format texts and documents. Hence, they are usually used in coding or to preserve texts. Examples of text editors include Notepad, TextEdit, Sublime, Vim, Atom, Visual Studio Code, etc.
Text editors have text processing capability in that they provide room for input, editing, and out of texts. But texts processed with text editor remain as was inputted. To create a standard document for business and presentation, a word processor is required.
Word processors have the capability of producing standardized documents such as a memo, letter, newsletter, resume, books, etc. This is why they are one of the most used applications in business, education, and industry.
Types of a word processor
Technically, there are 2 major types of word processors, namely mechanical and software word processors.
Mechanical word processors, whether manual or electronic are devices that can be used to create text documents. A typical example is a typewriter. Software-based word processors are computer programs used to create text-based professional business documents.
We can classify the software-based word processors into four as follow:
1. Proprietary word processors:
These are word processors that represent the trademark of the company that produces them. E.g. Apple, Corel, etc. Moreover, in this article, we define proprietary word processors as word applications that usually come with the operating system. Proprietary word processors are shipped together with the operating system; they, therefore, represent their operating system brands.
Examples are:
a. Microsoft WordPad: it comes with Windows operating system.
b. Pages: it comes with Mac operating system and is part of the iWorks office suite.
c. OpenOffice writer/ AbiWord: OpenOffice is installed with most Linux distribution, e.g. Redhat, but Redhat 7.1 comes with AbiWord.
d. Microsoft word: Windows OS usually comes with MS Word starter version preinstalled, however, it expires after 60 days.2. Standalone word processors:
These are word processors that could be installed in any operating system. They may be shipped with an operating system, however, they can be installed or uninstalled. They may be designed for different Operating Systems, say, Mac, Linux, or Windows. But the owner can decide to install or uninstall such application at will. Unlike proprietary that can only be removed with the operating system.
Examples are:
a. Microsoft word: part of Microsoft 365 suite, a product of Microsoft inc.
b. Starwriter: part of StarOffice suite, a product of Sun Microsystem inc.
c. WordPerfect: part of WordPerfect Office productivity software developed by Corel.
d. Apple Pages
e. Applix word, a product of VistaSource inc.
f. Atlantis Word, a light-weight word processing program created for Windows operating system.g. Adobe InCopy: a word processing application developed by Adobe Inc. used to create professional documents.
3. Open source word processors:
These are word processing applications that are publicly accessible. Being public means that anyone, including users, has access to the source code. Therefore, anyone with coding knowledge can inspect, modify and enhance such code. Most open-source software is free for the public to use.
Hence, open-source word processors are word processors that are available for the public to download, install and use.
Examples are:
a. Apache OpenOffice Writer: Apache OpenOffice is an office productivity software suite with a word processor, spreadsheet application, etc. It is a cross-platform application that has versions for Windows, Mac, and Linus operating systems.
b. LibreOffice Writer: LibreOffice is also based on openOffice.org and is a cross-platform office application. It has the writer (word processor), Calc (spreadsheet), Impress (presentation), Draw (graphics), Base (database), and Math (formula editing). A great advantage of LibreOffice is its support for Microsoft Office document formats such as .doc, .docx, .xls, etc.c. AbiWord: AbiWord is a free word processor licensed under the GNU General Public Licence (GPL). It is small and fast and has support for Linux operating systems.
d. GNU TeXmacs: TeXmacs is free application software used to create well-structured text and scientific documents. With TeXmacs you can create the following types of content: text, mathematics, graphics, interactive content, slides, etc. The software is available for Linux, Mac, and Windows operating systems.
e. Calligra Words: Calligra words is part of the Calligra Suite, a word processor. Calligra office has applications to handle most desktop publishing services such as word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, database, etc, It has versions for Linux, Mac, and Windows operating systems.
4. Online word processor:
Online word processors are applications that allow you to create and edit documents from anywhere and with any device. Most of them will allow users to share and collaborate with others in real-time as well as track changes made.
Some of the leading proprietary and standalone word processors have their online versions. With the advent of mobile devices, different word processing app for android and ios have been developed.
One advantage of online word processors for students and small businesses is that one can use them for free. Also, there is a free word processor app for mobile devices. These apps can be used by anyone who installed them or uses the online word processor version.
Examples of word processors – Online word processors
The following are examples of online word processors. Some are free while some require a subscription to have access to the full functionality.
Microsoft 365
Formerly called Office 365 is a superb cloud-based office productivity tool for education and business. You can collaborate with friends and colleagues using the word, excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote.
Key features
- Bring out your best
- Protect what’s important
- Free and subscription plan available
- Work across your devices
- Organize your time
- Accomplish more together
Google Docs
An online-based Google word processor is used to access, create and edit documents on the go.
Key features
- Get a head start with templates
- Create more than letters and words
- Get to your documents anywhere, anytime
- Do more together: share, edit, chat and comment in real-time
- Work with Microsoft Word
- Never hit save again
Pages
Pages are Apple’s word processor that lets one create stunning documents. It usually comes included with most Apple devices. With real-time collaboration, you can work together from anywhere using Mac, iPad, iPhone, or a PC.
To get started with Pages on a PC, you will need an Apple ID.
Key features
- Start with beautiful templates
- Turn handwriting into text, magically
- Write reports easier with the report wizard
- Skim through your document without accidental editing
- Play video in your document
- Create gorgeous charts
SkyDesk Docs
With SkyDesk Docs, you will get started creating documents with 1 GB of free space for storage. You can access all your files anywhere, anytime, and from any device.
Key features
- Store and manage documents
- Organize your files
- Share files securely
- Password-protected file sharing
- Available for word, spreadsheet and presentation
Zoho Writer
A free cloud-based online word processor for creating elegant documents and collaborating with team-mates in real-time.
Key features
- Create beautiful documents easily
- Don’t worry about constantly saving your work
- Lock or mask sensitive information
- Improve your writing with Zia, the smart writing assistant
- Start with an extensive collection of templates
- Work better together: chat with collaborators
Examples of word processors – Word processing app for android
With massive apps being developed for android devices across the world, users have a wide range of choices to make. Word processing app for android is one of the numerous free competitive apps made available for users to choose from.
With a word processing app for android, you can create, edit, format, and share documents. Note that online word processors can be used on any device, hence, they can be used in android devices. Some of the popularly used word processors for android are:
- Microsoft word
- Google docs
- Zoho writer
- WPS Office
- Documents to Go
- SmartOffice
- Polaris Office
- OfficeSuite
Each of the above word processors can be downloaded from the Google Play Store on any android device.
Basic Features of a Word Processor
Modern word processing applications are designed to help users create standardized and professional documents with ease. As a result, such applications are packed with similar features. Such features allow users to create standard layouts and formats for different purposes.
For example, creating a resume, newsletter, blog post, or report requires different layouts. Such layouts are made possible because of the rich-features that come with the different word processing applications.
Also, different documents have different sizes depending on their purpose and use. For example, a memo may be printed on an executive or A5 paper size. Similarly, a letter may be printed on a letter or A4 paper size. The need for differing sizes of papers is taken into account by this application software.
Below are the common features that can be seen in most word processing software in the market today.
1. Templates
These days leading word processing apps are competing with each other with the provision of already made documents. These documents are already designed and customised to assist people in creating similar documents.
With templates, creating a document is easy and fast. You don’t need to start from the scratch to create a memo, letter or report. You will simply select a template of choice and change its contents with your own. This is one of the power of a modern word processor.
2. Layouts
In an office setting, there are different paper sizes for different documentation purposes. Some documentation requires the legal paper type while others require the A4 size.
Page layout allows you to create different layouts for your document. Here you set the orientation, margins, and determine to use columns or add page borders. In general, the shape, size and overall outlook of your document is made possible with the layout feature.
3. Formatting
One of the basic features of every word processor is the availability of formatting commands. These commands are used to format texts in a document in order to make them readable. Such format commands include text color, bold, italics, font, font size, underline, bullets & numbers, and alignment.
The formatting feature differentiates a text editor and a simple word processing app like Grammarly or WordPad.
4. Images & charts
With word processing software you can insert images, clipart, shapes and charts to a document. This functionality makes it easy for one to create a blog post of newsletter using word processing apps. With modern word processing applications, you can insert, crop, resize and position different sizes of pictures in a document.
In fact, in Microsoft Word, you can even edit a shape using edit shape command in the Format tab. This has made word applications useful in mini graphics designing, though not as powerful as graphic applications. But with a standard word processing app, you can create a document that graphics and charts.
5. Proof reading
Word processing applications usually come with inbuilt dictionary that contains basic English words. As a user inputs text in a document, the application compares words entered with the ones in the dictionary. Words that do not match are usually flagged for error with a red underline.
Different underline colors mean different things to a word processing software e.g. spelling or grammatical error. We usually use the Spelling & Grammar command tool for proofreading in MS Word.
6. Review
In recent time, review is a key feature of word processing applications because it helps to keep track of changes. Most, if not all online word processing platforms, include this functionality to maintain different versions of a document.
In Microsoft Word, the review tab is loaded with features that help users to track changes made to a document. You can save each revised document as a version of the document.
7. Autocomplete
Autocomplete is an AI capability that assists you in writing. This feature automatically suggests words and tenses to a user while he/she is still typing. You can immediately select the word or phrase from the suggested list. With this feature typing is made easier and faster.
However, this feature is not available by default in all word processing applications.
Conclusion
Though Microsoft Word is the most used word processing application, other word processors exist. If you do not have access to the desktop software, you can make do with the online word processing apps.
